working on dynamic bulk requests

This commit is contained in:
Jörg Prante 2021-04-16 09:19:36 +02:00
parent ed32b98383
commit 03024d489a
11 changed files with 178 additions and 172 deletions

View file

@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ package org.xbib.elx.api;
import org.elasticsearch.action.bulk.BulkRequest;
import org.elasticsearch.action.bulk.BulkResponse;
import java.io.Closeable;
/**
* A bulk listener for following executions of bulk operations.
*/
public interface BulkListener {
public interface BulkListener extends Closeable {
/**
* Callback before the bulk is executed.

View file

@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
package org.xbib.elx.api;
import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Settings;
import org.xbib.metrics.api.Count;
import org.xbib.metrics.api.Metered;
@ -8,8 +7,6 @@ import java.io.Closeable;
public interface BulkMetric extends Closeable {
void init(Settings settings);
void markTotalIngest(long n);
Metered getTotalIngest();

View file

@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import org.elasticsearch.action.ActionRequest;
import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.Flushable;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public interface BulkProcessor extends Closeable, Flushable {
@ -16,9 +17,9 @@ public interface BulkProcessor extends Closeable, Flushable {
long getBulkSize();
BulkProcessor add(ActionRequest<?> request);
BulkRequestHandler getBulkRequestHandler();
boolean awaitFlush(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException;
void add(ActionRequest<?> request);
boolean awaitClose(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException;
boolean awaitFlush(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, IOException;
}

View file

@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
package org.xbib.elx.api;
import org.elasticsearch.action.bulk.BulkRequest;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public interface BulkRequestHandler {
void execute(BulkRequest bulkRequest, long executionId);
void execute(BulkRequest bulkRequest);
boolean close(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException;
boolean flush(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws IOException, InterruptedException;
int getPermits();
void increase();
void reduce();
}

View file

@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import org.elasticsearch.common.unit.ByteSizeValue;
import org.elasticsearch.common.unit.TimeValue;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkClient;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkController;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkListener;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkMetric;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkProcessor;
import org.xbib.elx.api.IndexDefinition;
@ -25,11 +24,9 @@ public class DefaultBulkController implements BulkController {
private final BulkClient bulkClient;
private final BulkMetric bulkMetric;
private BulkProcessor bulkProcessor;
private BulkListener bulkListener;
private DefaultBulkListener bulkListener;
private long maxWaitTime;
@ -39,13 +36,11 @@ public class DefaultBulkController implements BulkController {
public DefaultBulkController(BulkClient bulkClient) {
this.bulkClient = bulkClient;
this.bulkMetric = new DefaultBulkMetric();
this.active = new AtomicBoolean(false);
}
@Override
public void init(Settings settings) {
bulkMetric.init(settings);
String maxWaitTimeStr = settings.get(Parameters.MAX_WAIT_BULK_RESPONSE.getName(),
Parameters.MAX_WAIT_BULK_RESPONSE.getString());
TimeValue maxWaitTimeValue = TimeValue.parseTimeValue(maxWaitTimeStr,
@ -68,7 +63,7 @@ public class DefaultBulkController implements BulkController {
Parameters.FAIL_ON_BULK_ERROR.getBoolean());
int responseTimeCount = settings.getAsInt(Parameters.RESPONSE_TIME_COUNT.getName(),
Parameters.RESPONSE_TIME_COUNT.getInteger());
this.bulkListener = new DefaultBulkListener(this, bulkMetric,
this.bulkListener = new DefaultBulkListener(this,
enableBulkLogging, failOnBulkError, responseTimeCount);
this.bulkProcessor = DefaultBulkProcessor.builder(bulkClient.getClient(), bulkListener)
.setBulkActions(maxActionsPerRequest)
@ -96,7 +91,7 @@ public class DefaultBulkController implements BulkController {
@Override
public BulkMetric getBulkMetric() {
return bulkMetric;
return bulkListener != null ? bulkListener.getBulkMetric() : null;
}
@Override
@ -123,7 +118,6 @@ public class DefaultBulkController implements BulkController {
public void bulkIndex(IndexRequest indexRequest) {
ensureActiveAndBulk();
try {
bulkMetric.getCurrentIngest().inc(indexRequest.index(), indexRequest.type(), indexRequest.id());
bulkProcessor.add(indexRequest);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (logger.isErrorEnabled()) {
@ -137,7 +131,6 @@ public class DefaultBulkController implements BulkController {
public void bulkDelete(DeleteRequest deleteRequest) {
ensureActiveAndBulk();
try {
bulkMetric.getCurrentIngest().inc(deleteRequest.index(), deleteRequest.type(), deleteRequest.id());
bulkProcessor.add(deleteRequest);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (logger.isErrorEnabled()) {
@ -151,7 +144,6 @@ public class DefaultBulkController implements BulkController {
public void bulkUpdate(UpdateRequest updateRequest) {
ensureActiveAndBulk();
try {
bulkMetric.getCurrentIngest().inc(updateRequest.index(), updateRequest.type(), updateRequest.id());
bulkProcessor.add(updateRequest);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (logger.isErrorEnabled()) {
@ -201,7 +193,6 @@ public class DefaultBulkController implements BulkController {
@Override
public void close() throws IOException {
bulkMetric.close();
flush();
bulkClient.waitForResponses(maxWaitTime, maxWaitTimeUnit);
if (bulkProcessor != null) {

View file

@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkController;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkListener;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkMetric;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.LongSummaryStatistics;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.stream.LongStream;
public class DefaultBulkListener implements BulkListener {
@ -27,21 +29,25 @@ public class DefaultBulkListener implements BulkListener {
private Throwable lastBulkError;
private final int responseTimeCount;
private final int ringBufferSize;
private final LastResponseTimes responseTimes;
private final LongRingBuffer ringBuffer;
public DefaultBulkListener(BulkController bulkController,
BulkMetric bulkMetric,
boolean isBulkLoggingEnabled,
boolean failOnError,
int responseTimeCount) {
int ringBufferSize) {
this.bulkController = bulkController;
this.bulkMetric = bulkMetric;
this.isBulkLoggingEnabled = isBulkLoggingEnabled;
this.failOnError = failOnError;
this.responseTimeCount = responseTimeCount;
this.responseTimes = new LastResponseTimes(responseTimeCount);
this.ringBufferSize = ringBufferSize;
this.ringBuffer = new LongRingBuffer(ringBufferSize);
this.bulkMetric = new DefaultBulkMetric();
bulkMetric.start();
}
public BulkMetric getBulkMetric() {
return bulkMetric;
}
@Override
@ -66,14 +72,17 @@ public class DefaultBulkListener implements BulkListener {
long l = bulkMetric.getCurrentIngest().getCount();
bulkMetric.getCurrentIngest().dec();
bulkMetric.getSucceeded().inc(response.getItems().length);
if (responseTimeCount > 0 && responseTimes.add(response.getTook().millis()) == 0) {
LongSummaryStatistics stat = responseTimes.longStream().summaryStatistics();
if (ringBufferSize > 0 && ringBuffer.add(response.getTook().millis(), request.estimatedSizeInBytes()) == 0) {
LongSummaryStatistics stat1 = ringBuffer.longStreamValues1().summaryStatistics();
LongSummaryStatistics stat2 = ringBuffer.longStreamValues2().summaryStatistics();
if (isBulkLoggingEnabled && logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("bulk response millis: avg = " + stat.getAverage() +
" min =" + stat.getMin() +
" max = " + stat.getMax() +
" actions = " + bulkController.getBulkProcessor().getBulkActions() +
" size = " + bulkController.getBulkProcessor().getBulkSize());
logger.debug("bulk response millis: avg = " + stat1.getAverage() +
" min = " + stat1.getMin() +
" max = " + stat1.getMax() +
" size: avg = " + stat2.getAverage() +
" min = " + stat2.getMin() +
" max = " + stat2.getMax() +
" throughput: " + (stat2.getAverage() / stat1.getAverage()) + " bytes/ms");
}
}
int n = 0;
@ -122,29 +131,41 @@ public class DefaultBulkListener implements BulkListener {
return lastBulkError;
}
private static class LastResponseTimes {
@Override
public void close() throws IOException {
bulkMetric.close();
}
private final Long[] values;
private static class LongRingBuffer {
private final Long[] values1, values2;
private final int limit;
private int index;
private final AtomicInteger index;
public LastResponseTimes(int limit) {
this.values = new Long[limit];
Arrays.fill(values, -1L);
public LongRingBuffer(int limit) {
this.values1 = new Long[limit];
this.values2 = new Long[limit];
Arrays.fill(values1, -1L);
Arrays.fill(values2, -1L);
this.limit = limit;
this.index = 0;
this.index = new AtomicInteger();
}
public int add(Long value) {
int i = index++ % limit;
values[i] = value;
public int add(Long v1, Long v2) {
int i = index.incrementAndGet() % limit;
values1[i] = v1;
values2[i] = v2;
return i;
}
public LongStream longStream() {
return Arrays.stream(values).filter(v -> v != -1L).mapToLong(Long::longValue);
public LongStream longStreamValues1() {
return Arrays.stream(values1).filter(v -> v != -1L).mapToLong(Long::longValue);
}
public LongStream longStreamValues2() {
return Arrays.stream(values2).filter(v -> v != -1L).mapToLong(Long::longValue);
}
}
}

View file

@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
package org.xbib.elx.common;
import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Settings;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkMetric;
import org.xbib.metrics.api.Count;
import org.xbib.metrics.api.Metered;
@ -39,12 +38,6 @@ public class DefaultBulkMetric implements BulkMetric {
failed = new CountMetric();
}
@Override
public void init(Settings settings) {
start();
}
@Override
public void markTotalIngest(long n) {
totalIngest.mark(n);

View file

@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ import org.elasticsearch.common.unit.ByteSizeUnit;
import org.elasticsearch.common.unit.ByteSizeValue;
import org.elasticsearch.common.unit.TimeValue;
import org.elasticsearch.common.util.concurrent.EsExecutors;
import org.elasticsearch.common.util.concurrent.FutureUtils;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkListener;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkProcessor;
import org.xbib.elx.api.BulkRequestHandler;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
@ -37,8 +37,6 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
private final ScheduledFuture<?> scheduledFuture;
private final AtomicLong executionIdGen;
private final BulkRequestHandler bulkRequestHandler;
private BulkRequest bulkRequest;
@ -56,7 +54,6 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
int bulkActions,
ByteSizeValue bulkSize,
TimeValue flushInterval) {
this.executionIdGen = new AtomicLong();
this.closed = false;
this.bulkActions = bulkActions;
this.bulkSize = bulkSize.getBytes();
@ -102,79 +99,20 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
return bulkSize;
}
/**
* Wait for bulk request handler with flush.
* @param timeout the timeout value
* @param unit the timeout unit
* @return true is method was successful, false if timeout
* @throws InterruptedException if timeout
*/
@Override
public synchronized boolean awaitFlush(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException {
Objects.requireNonNull(unit, "A time unit is required for awaitFlush() but null");
if (closed) {
return true;
}
// flush
if (bulkRequest.numberOfActions() > 0) {
execute();
}
// wait for all bulk responses
return bulkRequestHandler.close(timeout, unit);
public BulkRequestHandler getBulkRequestHandler() {
return bulkRequestHandler;
}
/**
* Closes the processor. Any remaining bulk actions are flushed and then closed. This emthod can only be called
* once as the last action of a bulk processor.
*
* If concurrent requests are not enabled, returns {@code true} immediately.
* If concurrent requests are enabled, waits for up to the specified timeout for all bulk requests to complete then
* returns {@code true},
* If the specified waiting time elapses before all bulk requests complete, {@code false} is returned.
*
* @param timeout The maximum time to wait for the bulk requests to complete
* @param unit The time unit of the {@code timeout} argument
* @return {@code true} if all bulk requests completed and {@code false} if the waiting time elapsed before all the
* bulk requests completed
* @throws InterruptedException If the current thread is interrupted
*/
@Override
public synchronized boolean awaitClose(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException {
Objects.requireNonNull(unit, "A time unit is required for awaitCLose() but null");
if (closed) {
return true;
}
closed = true;
if (scheduledFuture != null) {
FutureUtils.cancel(scheduledFuture);
scheduler.shutdown();
}
if (bulkRequest.numberOfActions() > 0) {
execute();
}
return bulkRequestHandler.close(timeout, unit);
}
/**
* Adds either a delete or an index request.
*
* @param request request
* @return his bulk processor
*/
@Override
public synchronized DefaultBulkProcessor add(ActionRequest<?> request) {
public synchronized void add(ActionRequest<?> request) {
ensureOpen();
bulkRequest.add(request);
if ((bulkActions != -1 && bulkRequest.numberOfActions() >= bulkActions) ||
(bulkSize != -1 && bulkRequest.estimatedSizeInBytes() >= bulkSize)) {
execute();
}
return this;
}
/**
* Flush pending delete or index requests.
*/
@Override
public synchronized void flush() {
ensureOpen();
@ -183,14 +121,32 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
}
}
/**
* Closes the processor. If flushing by time is enabled, then it's shutdown. Any remaining bulk actions are flushed.
*/
@Override
public void close() {
public synchronized boolean awaitFlush(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
if (closed) {
return true;
}
if (bulkRequest.numberOfActions() > 0) {
execute();
}
return bulkRequestHandler.flush(timeout, unit);
}
@Override
public synchronized void close() throws IOException {
try {
// 0 = immediate close
awaitClose(0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
if (closed) {
return;
}
closed = true;
if (scheduledFuture != null) {
scheduledFuture.cancel(true);
scheduler.shutdown();
}
if (bulkRequest.numberOfActions() > 0) {
execute();
}
bulkRequestHandler.flush(0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
} catch (InterruptedException exc) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
@ -204,9 +160,8 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
private void execute() {
BulkRequest myBulkRequest = this.bulkRequest;
long executionId = executionIdGen.incrementAndGet();
this.bulkRequest = new BulkRequest();
this.bulkRequestHandler.execute(myBulkRequest, executionId);
this.bulkRequestHandler.execute(myBulkRequest);
}
/**
@ -278,7 +233,7 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
/**
* Sets when to flush a new bulk request based on the size of actions currently added. Defaults to
* {@code 5mb}. Can be set to {@code -1} to disable it.
* {@code 1mb}. Can be set to {@code -1} to disable it.
*
* @param bulkSize bulk size
* @return this builder
@ -319,10 +274,9 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
if (closed) {
return;
}
if (bulkRequest.numberOfActions() == 0) {
return;
if (bulkRequest.numberOfActions() > 0) {
execute();
}
execute();
}
}
}
@ -333,14 +287,17 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
private final BulkListener bulkListener;
private final AtomicLong executionIdGen;
SyncBulkRequestHandler(ElasticsearchClient client, BulkListener bulkListener) {
Objects.requireNonNull(bulkListener, "A listener is required for SyncBulkRequestHandler but null");
this.client = client;
this.bulkListener = bulkListener;
this.executionIdGen = new AtomicLong();
}
@Override
public void execute(BulkRequest bulkRequest, long executionId) {
public void execute(BulkRequest bulkRequest) {
long executionId = executionIdGen.incrementAndGet();
boolean afterCalled = false;
try {
bulkListener.beforeBulk(executionId, bulkRequest);
@ -355,9 +312,22 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
}
@Override
public boolean close(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
public boolean flush(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
return true;
}
@Override
public int getPermits() {
return 1;
}
@Override
public void increase() {
}
@Override
public void reduce() {
}
}
private static class AsyncBulkRequestHandler implements BulkRequestHandler {
@ -366,22 +336,27 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
private final BulkListener bulkListener;
private final Semaphore semaphore;
private final ResizeableSemaphore semaphore;
private final int concurrentRequests;
private final AtomicLong executionIdGen;
private AsyncBulkRequestHandler(ElasticsearchClient client, BulkListener bulkListener, int concurrentRequests) {
Objects.requireNonNull(bulkListener, "A listener is required for AsyncBulkRequestHandler but null");
private int permits;
private AsyncBulkRequestHandler(ElasticsearchClient client,
BulkListener bulkListener,
int permits) {
this.client = client;
this.bulkListener = bulkListener;
this.concurrentRequests = concurrentRequests;
this.semaphore = new Semaphore(concurrentRequests);
this.permits = permits;
this.semaphore = new ResizeableSemaphore(permits);
this.executionIdGen = new AtomicLong();
}
@Override
public void execute(final BulkRequest bulkRequest, final long executionId) {
public void execute(BulkRequest bulkRequest) {
boolean bulkRequestSetupSuccessful = false;
boolean acquired = false;
long executionId = executionIdGen.incrementAndGet();
try {
bulkListener.beforeBulk(executionId, bulkRequest);
semaphore.acquire();
@ -413,19 +388,49 @@ public class DefaultBulkProcessor implements BulkProcessor {
bulkListener.afterBulk(executionId, bulkRequest, e);
} finally {
if (!bulkRequestSetupSuccessful && acquired) {
// if we fail on client.bulk() release the semaphore
semaphore.release();
}
}
}
@Override
public boolean close(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException {
if (semaphore.tryAcquire(concurrentRequests, timeout, unit)) {
semaphore.release(concurrentRequests);
public boolean flush(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
bulkListener.close();
if (semaphore.tryAcquire(permits, timeout, unit)) {
semaphore.release(permits);
return true;
}
return false;
}
@Override
public int getPermits() {
return permits;
}
@Override
public void increase() {
semaphore.release(1);
this.permits++;
}
@Override
public void reduce() {
semaphore.reducePermits(1);
this.permits--;
}
}
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
private static class ResizeableSemaphore extends Semaphore {
ResizeableSemaphore(int permits) {
super(permits, true);
}
@Override
protected void reducePermits(int reduction) {
super.reducePermits(reduction);
}
}
}

View file

@ -130,13 +130,12 @@ class BulkClientTest {
@Test
void testThreadedRandomDocs() throws Exception {
int maxthreads = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
Long maxActionsPerRequest = MAX_ACTIONS_PER_REQUEST;
long maxActionsPerRequest = MAX_ACTIONS_PER_REQUEST;
final long actions = ACTIONS;
logger.info("maxthreads={} maxactions={} maxloop={}", maxthreads, maxActionsPerRequest, actions);
long timeout = 120L;
try (NodeBulkClient bulkClient = ClientBuilder.builder(helper.client)
.setBulkClientProvider(NodeBulkClientProvider.class)
.put(helper.getNodeSettings())
.put(Parameters.MAX_CONCURRENT_REQUESTS.getName(), maxthreads)
.put(Parameters.MAX_ACTIONS_PER_REQUEST.getName(), maxActionsPerRequest)
.put(Parameters.FLUSH_INTERVAL.getName(), "60s")
.build()) {
@ -155,17 +154,12 @@ class BulkClientTest {
latch.countDown();
});
}
logger.info("waiting for latch...");
if (latch.await(30L, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
logger.info("flush...");
bulkClient.flush();
bulkClient.waitForResponses(30L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
logger.info("got all responses, executor service shutdown...");
if (latch.await(timeout, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
bulkClient.waitForResponses(timeout, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
executorService.shutdown();
executorService.awaitTermination(30L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
logger.info("pool is shut down");
executorService.awaitTermination(timeout, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
} else {
logger.warn("latch timeout");
logger.error("latch timeout!");
}
bulkClient.stopBulk(indexDefinition);
assertEquals(maxthreads * actions, bulkClient.getBulkController().getBulkMetric().getSucceeded().getCount());

View file

@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ class BulkClientTest {
private static final Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger(BulkClientTest.class.getName());
private static final Long ACTIONS = 10000L;
private static final Long ACTIONS = 100000L;
private static final Long MAX_ACTIONS_PER_REQUEST = 10000L;
private static final Long MAX_ACTIONS_PER_REQUEST = 1000L;
private final TestExtension.Helper helper;
@ -128,13 +128,12 @@ class BulkClientTest {
@Test
void testThreadedRandomDocs() {
int maxthreads = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
Long maxActionsPerRequest = MAX_ACTIONS_PER_REQUEST;
long maxActionsPerRequest = MAX_ACTIONS_PER_REQUEST;
final long actions = ACTIONS;
logger.info("maxthreads={} maxactions={} maxloop={}", maxthreads, maxActionsPerRequest, actions);
long timeout = 120L;
try (TransportBulkClient bulkClient = ClientBuilder.builder()
.setBulkClientProvider(TransportBulkClientProvider.class)
.put(helper.getTransportSettings())
.put(Parameters.MAX_CONCURRENT_REQUESTS.getName(), maxthreads * 2)
.put(Parameters.MAX_ACTIONS_PER_REQUEST.getName(), maxActionsPerRequest)
.put(Parameters.FLUSH_INTERVAL.getName(), "60s")
.put(Parameters.ENABLE_BULK_LOGGING.getName(), Boolean.TRUE)
@ -157,17 +156,12 @@ class BulkClientTest {
latch.countDown();
});
}
logger.info("waiting for latch...");
if (latch.await(30L, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
logger.info("flush...");
bulkClient.flush();
bulkClient.waitForResponses(30L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
logger.info("got all responses, executor service shutdown...");
if (latch.await(timeout, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
bulkClient.waitForResponses(timeout, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
executorService.shutdown();
executorService.awaitTermination(30L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
logger.info("pool is shut down");
executorService.awaitTermination(timeout, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
} else {
logger.warn("latch timeout");
logger.error("latch timeout!");
}
bulkClient.stopBulk(indexDefinition);
assertEquals(maxthreads * actions, bulkClient.getBulkController().getBulkMetric().getSucceeded().getCount());

View file

@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ test {
useJUnitPlatform()
failFast = true
jvmArgs = [
'-Xmx2g',
'-Xms2g',
'--add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.ref=ALL-UNNAMED',
'--add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.misc=ALL-UNNAMED',
'--add-opens=java.base/java.nio=ALL-UNNAMED'