add JSON reader and writer to allow duplicate keys, closes #8

CREDITS.txt

@@ -46,3 +46,12 @@ https://github.com/marc4j/marc4j/tree/master/test/resources
 
 and were donated by libraries for testing purpose.
 
+-----------------
+
+The JSON reader/writer classes are derived work from
+
+https://github.com/ralfstx/minimal-json
+
+The original work is based on the MIT License
+
+-----------------

build.gradle

@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ dependencies {
     testImplementation("com.github.stefanbirkner:system-rules:${project.property('system-rules.version')}") {
         exclude module: 'junit'
     }
+    testImplementation("org.mockito:mockito-core:${project.property('mockito.version')}") {
+        exclude group: 'org.hamcrest'
+    }
 }
 
 compileJava {

gradle.properties

@@ -14,3 +14,4 @@ junit4.version = 4.12
 xalan.version = 2.7.2
 xmlunit-matchers.version = 2.6.3
 system-rules.version = 1.19.0
+mockito.version = 3.1.0

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/Json.java

@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * This class serves as the entry point to the JSON API.
+ * <p>
+ * To <strong>parse</strong> a given JSON input, use the <code>parse()</code> methods like in this
+ * example:
+ * </p>
+ * <pre>
+ * JsonObject object = Json.parse(string).asObject();
+ * </pre>
+ * <p>
+ * To <strong>create</strong> a JSON data structure to be serialized, use the methods
+ * <code>value()</code>, <code>array()</code>, and <code>object()</code>. For example, the following
+ * snippet will produce the JSON string <em>{"foo": 23, "bar": true}</em>:
+ * </p>
+ * <pre>
+ * String string = Json.object().add("foo", 23).add("bar", true).toString();
+ * </pre>
+ * <p>
+ * To create a JSON array from a given Java array, you can use one of the <code>array()</code>
+ * methods with varargs parameters:
+ * </p>
+ * <pre>
+ * String[] names = ...
+ * JsonArray array = Json.array(names);
+ * </pre>
+ */
+public final class Json {
+
+    private Json() {
+        // not meant to be instantiated
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a JsonValue instance that represents the given <code>int</code> value.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to get a JSON representation for
+     * @return a JSON value that represents the given value
+     */
+    public static JsonValue of(int value) {
+        return new JsonNumber(Integer.toString(value, 10));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a JsonValue instance that represents the given <code>long</code> value.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to get a JSON representation for
+     * @return a JSON value that represents the given value
+     */
+    public static JsonValue of(long value) {
+        return new JsonNumber(Long.toString(value, 10));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a JsonValue instance that represents the given <code>float</code> value.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to get a JSON representation for
+     * @return a JSON value that represents the given value
+     */
+    public static JsonValue of(float value) {
+        if (Float.isInfinite(value) || Float.isNaN(value)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Infinite and NaN values not permitted in JSON");
+        }
+        return new JsonNumber(cutOffPointZero(Float.toString(value)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a JsonValue instance that represents the given <code>double</code> value.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to get a JSON representation for
+     * @return a JSON value that represents the given value
+     */
+    public static JsonValue of(double value) {
+        if (Double.isInfinite(value) || Double.isNaN(value)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Infinite and NaN values not permitted in JSON");
+        }
+        return new JsonNumber(cutOffPointZero(Double.toString(value)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a JsonValue instance that represents the given string.
+     *
+     * @param string the string to get a JSON representation for
+     * @return a JSON value that represents the given string
+     */
+    public static JsonValue of(String string) {
+        return string == null ? JsonLiteral.NULL : new JsonString(string);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a JsonValue instance that represents the given <code>boolean</code> value.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to get a JSON representation for
+     * @return a JSON value that represents the given value
+     */
+    public static JsonValue of(boolean value) {
+        return value ? JsonLiteral.TRUE : JsonLiteral.FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new empty JsonArray. This is equivalent to creating a new JsonArray using the
+     * constructor.
+     *
+     * @return a new empty JSON array
+     */
+    public static JsonArray array() {
+        return new JsonArray();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JsonArray that contains the JSON representations of the given <code>int</code>
+     * values.
+     *
+     * @param values the values to be included in the new JSON array
+     * @return a new JSON array that contains the given values
+     */
+    public static JsonArray array(int... values) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(values);
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (int value : values) {
+            array.add(value);
+        }
+        return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JsonArray that contains the JSON representations of the given <code>long</code>
+     * values.
+     *
+     * @param values the values to be included in the new JSON array
+     * @return a new JSON array that contains the given values
+     */
+    public static JsonArray array(long... values) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(values);
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (long value : values) {
+            array.add(value);
+        }
+        return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JsonArray that contains the JSON representations of the given <code>float</code>
+     * values.
+     *
+     * @param values the values to be included in the new JSON array
+     * @return a new JSON array that contains the given values
+     */
+    public static JsonArray array(float... values) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(values);
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (float value : values) {
+            array.add(value);
+        }
+        return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JsonArray that contains the JSON representations of the given <code>double</code>
+     * values.
+     *
+     * @param values the values to be included in the new JSON array
+     * @return a new JSON array that contains the given values
+     */
+    public static JsonArray array(double... values) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(values);
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (double value : values) {
+            array.add(value);
+        }
+        return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JsonArray that contains the JSON representations of the given
+     * <code>boolean</code> values.
+     *
+     * @param values the values to be included in the new JSON array
+     * @return a new JSON array that contains the given values
+     */
+    public static JsonArray array(boolean... values) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(values);
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (boolean value : values) {
+            array.add(value);
+        }
+        return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JsonArray that contains the JSON representations of the given strings.
+     *
+     * @param strings the strings to be included in the new JSON array
+     * @return a new JSON array that contains the given strings
+     */
+    public static JsonArray array(String... strings) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(strings);
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (String value : strings) {
+            array.add(value);
+        }
+        return array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new empty JsonObject. This is equivalent to creating a new JsonObject using the
+     * constructor.
+     *
+     * @return a new empty JSON object
+     */
+    public static JsonObject object() {
+        return new JsonObject();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the given input string as JSON. The input must contain a valid JSON value, optionally
+     * padded with whitespace.
+     *
+     * @param string the input string, must be valid JSON
+     * @return a value that represents the parsed JSON
+     * @throws IOException if the input is not valid JSON
+     */
+    public static JsonValue parse(String string) throws IOException {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(string);
+        JsonDefaultHandler handler = new JsonDefaultHandler();
+        new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(string), handler).parse();
+        return handler.getValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the entire input from the given reader and parses it as JSON. The input must contain a
+     * valid JSON value, optionally padded with whitespace.
+     * <p>
+     * Characters are read in chunks into an input buffer. Hence, wrapping a reader in an additional
+     * <code>BufferedReader</code> likely won't improve reading performance.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param reader the reader to read the JSON value from
+     * @return a value that represents the parsed JSON
+     * @throws IOException    if an I/O error occurs in the reader
+     * @throws JsonException if the input is not valid JSON
+     */
+    public static JsonValue parse(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        JsonDefaultHandler handler = new JsonDefaultHandler();
+        try (reader) {
+            new JsonReader<>(reader, handler).parse();
+        }
+        return handler.getValue();
+    }
+
+    private static String cutOffPointZero(String string) {
+        if (string.endsWith(".0")) {
+            return string.substring(0, string.length() - 2);
+        }
+        return string;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonArray.java

@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * Represents a JSON array, an ordered collection of JSON values.
+ * <p>
+ * Elements can be added using the <code>add(...)</code> methods which accept instances of
+ * {@link JsonValue}, strings, primitive numbers, and boolean values. To replace an element of an
+ * array, use the <code>set(int, ...)</code> methods.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * Elements can be accessed by their index using {@link #get(int)}. This class also supports
+ * iterating over the elements in document order using an {@link #iterator()} or an enhanced for
+ * loop:
+ * </p>
+ * <pre>
+ * for (JsonValue value : jsonArray) {
+ *   ...
+ * }
+ * </pre>
+ * <p>
+ * An equivalent {@link List} can be obtained from the method {@link #values()}.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * Note that this class is <strong>not thread-safe</strong>. If multiple threads access a
+ * <code>JsonArray</code> instance concurrently, while at least one of these threads modifies the
+ * contents of this array, access to the instance must be synchronized externally. Failure to do so
+ * may lead to an inconsistent state.
+ * </p>
+ */
+public class JsonArray extends JsonValue implements Iterable<JsonValue> {
+
+    private final List<JsonValue> values;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new empty JsonArray.
+     */
+    public JsonArray() {
+        values = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JsonArray with the contents of the specified JSON array.
+     *
+     * @param array the JsonArray to get the initial contents from, must not be <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public JsonArray(JsonArray array) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(array);
+        values = new ArrayList<>(array.values);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the JSON representation of the specified <code>int</code> value to the end of this
+     * array.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to add to the array
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonArray add(int value) {
+        values.add(Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the JSON representation of the specified <code>long</code> value to the end of this
+     * array.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to add to the array
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonArray add(long value) {
+        values.add(Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the JSON representation of the specified <code>float</code> value to the end of this
+     * array.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to add to the array
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonArray add(float value) {
+        values.add(Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the JSON representation of the specified <code>double</code> value to the end of this
+     * array.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to add to the array
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonArray add(double value) {
+        values.add(Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the JSON representation of the specified <code>boolean</code> value to the end of this
+     * array.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to add to the array
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonArray add(boolean value) {
+        values.add(Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the JSON representation of the specified string to the end of this array.
+     *
+     * @param value the string to add to the array
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonArray add(String value) {
+        values.add(Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the specified JSON value to the end of this array.
+     *
+     * @param value the JsonValue to add to the array, must not be <code>null</code>
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonArray add(JsonValue value) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(value);
+        values.add(value);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this array with the JSON representation of
+     * the specified <code>int</code> value.
+     *
+     * @param index the index of the array element to replace
+     * @param value the value to be stored at the specified array position
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range, i.e. <code>index &lt; 0</code> or
+     *                                   <code>index &gt;= size</code>
+     */
+    public JsonArray set(int index, int value) {
+        values.set(index, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this array with the JSON representation of
+     * the specified <code>long</code> value.
+     *
+     * @param index the index of the array element to replace
+     * @param value the value to be stored at the specified array position
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range, i.e. <code>index &lt; 0</code> or
+     *                                   <code>index &gt;= size</code>
+     */
+    public JsonArray set(int index, long value) {
+        values.set(index, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this array with the JSON representation of
+     * the specified <code>float</code> value.
+     *
+     * @param index the index of the array element to replace
+     * @param value the value to be stored at the specified array position
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range, i.e. <code>index &lt; 0</code> or
+     *                                   <code>index &gt;= size</code>
+     */
+    public JsonArray set(int index, float value) {
+        values.set(index, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this array with the JSON representation of
+     * the specified <code>double</code> value.
+     *
+     * @param index the index of the array element to replace
+     * @param value the value to be stored at the specified array position
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range, i.e. <code>index &lt; 0</code> or
+     *                                   <code>index &gt;= size</code>
+     */
+    public JsonArray set(int index, double value) {
+        values.set(index, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this array with the JSON representation of
+     * the specified <code>boolean</code> value.
+     *
+     * @param index the index of the array element to replace
+     * @param value the value to be stored at the specified array position
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range, i.e. <code>index &lt; 0</code> or
+     *                                   <code>index &gt;= size</code>
+     */
+    public JsonArray set(int index, boolean value) {
+        values.set(index, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this array with the JSON representation of
+     * the specified string.
+     *
+     * @param index the index of the array element to replace
+     * @param value the string to be stored at the specified array position
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range, i.e. <code>index &lt; 0</code> or
+     *                                   <code>index &gt;= size</code>
+     */
+    public JsonArray set(int index, String value) {
+        values.set(index, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this array with the specified JSON value.
+     *
+     * @param index the index of the array element to replace
+     * @param value the value to be stored at the specified array position, must not be <code>null</code>
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range, i.e. <code>index &lt; 0</code> or
+     *                                   <code>index &gt;= size</code>
+     */
+    public JsonArray set(int index, JsonValue value) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        }
+        values.set(index, value);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the element at the specified index from this array.
+     *
+     * @param index the index of the element to remove
+     * @return the array itself, to enable method chaining
+     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range, i.e. <code>index &lt; 0</code> or
+     *                                   <code>index &gt;= size</code>
+     */
+    public JsonArray remove(int index) {
+        values.remove(index);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of elements in this array.
+     *
+     * @return the number of elements in this array
+     */
+    public int size() {
+        return values.size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <code>true</code> if this array contains no elements.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this array contains no elements
+     */
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return values.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of the element at the specified position in this array.
+     *
+     * @param index the index of the array element to return
+     * @return the value of the element at the specified position
+     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range, i.e. <code>index &lt; 0</code> or
+     *                                   <code>index &gt;= size</code>
+     */
+    public JsonValue get(int index) {
+        return values.get(index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of the values in this array in document order.
+     *
+     * @return a list of the values in this array
+     */
+    public List<JsonValue> values() {
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an iterator over the values of this array in document order. The returned iterator
+     * cannot be used to modify this array.
+     *
+     * @return an iterator over the values of this array
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<JsonValue> iterator() {
+        final Iterator<JsonValue> iterator = values.iterator();
+        return new Iterator<>() {
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean hasNext() {
+                return iterator.hasNext();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public JsonValue next() {
+                return iterator.next();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void remove() {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    void write(JsonWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        writer.writeArrayOpen();
+        Iterator<JsonValue> iterator = iterator();
+        if (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            iterator.next().write(writer);
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                writer.writeArraySeparator();
+                iterator.next().write(writer);
+            }
+        }
+        writer.writeArrayClose();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isArray() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public JsonArray asArray() {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return values.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates whether a given object is "equal to" this JsonArray. An object is considered equal
+     * if it is also a <code>JsonArray</code> and both arrays contain the same list of values.
+     * <p>
+     * If two JsonArrays are equal, they will also produce the same JSON output.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param object the object to be compared with this JsonArray
+     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the specified object is equal to this JsonArray, <code>false</code>
+     * otherwise
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object object) {
+        if (this == object) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (object == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (getClass() != object.getClass()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        JsonArray other = (JsonArray) object;
+        return values.equals(other.values);
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonDefaultHandler.java

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class JsonDefaultHandler implements JsonHandler<JsonArray, JsonObject> {
+
+    protected JsonValue value;
+
+    public JsonValue getValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public JsonArray startArray() {
+        return new JsonArray();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public JsonObject startObject() {
+        return new JsonObject();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startNull() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endNull() {
+        value = JsonLiteral.NULL;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startBoolean() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endBoolean(boolean bool) {
+        value = bool ? JsonLiteral.TRUE : JsonLiteral.FALSE;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startString() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endString(String string) {
+        value = new JsonString(string);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startNumber() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endNumber(String string) {
+        value = new JsonNumber(string);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endArray(JsonArray array) {
+        value = array;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startArrayValue(JsonArray array) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endObject(JsonObject object) {
+        value = object;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startObjectName(JsonObject object) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endObjectName(JsonObject object, String name) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startObjectValue(JsonObject object, String name) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endArrayValue(JsonArray array) {
+        array.add(value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endObjectValue(JsonObject object, String name) {
+        object.add(name, value);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+public class JsonException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -3386151672072419281L;
+
+    JsonException(Throwable throwable) {
+        super(throwable);
+    }
+
+    JsonException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonHandler.java

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+/**
+ * An interface for parser events. A {@link JsonHandler} can be given to a {@link JsonReader}. The
+ * parser will then call the methods of the given handler while reading the input.
+
+ * <p>
+ * Implementations that build an object representation of the parsed JSON can return arbitrary handler
+ * objects for JSON arrays and JSON objects in {@link #startArray()} and {@link #startObject()}.
+ * These handler objects will then be provided in all subsequent parser events for this particular
+ * array or object. They can be used to keep track the elements of a JSON array or object.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @param <A> The type of handlers used for JSON arrays
+ * @param <O> The type of handlers used for JSON objects
+ * @see JsonReader
+ */
+public interface JsonHandler<A, O> {
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the beginning of a <code>null</code> literal in the JSON input. This method will be
+     * called when reading the first character of the literal.
+     */
+    void startNull();
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the end of a <code>null</code> literal in the JSON input. This method will be called
+     * after reading the last character of the literal.
+     */
+    void endNull();
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the beginning of a boolean literal (<code>true</code> or <code>false</code>) in the
+     * JSON input. This method will be called when reading the first character of the literal.
+     */
+    void startBoolean();
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the end of a boolean literal (<code>true</code> or <code>false</code>) in the JSON
+     * input. This method will be called after reading the last character of the literal.
+     *
+     * @param value the parsed boolean value
+     */
+    void endBoolean(boolean value);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the beginning of a string in the JSON input. This method will be called when reading
+     * the opening double quote character (<code>'&quot;'</code>).
+     */
+    void startString();
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the end of a string in the JSON input. This method will be called after reading the
+     * closing double quote character (<code>'&quot;'</code>).
+     *
+     * @param string the parsed string
+     */
+    void endString(String string);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the beginning of a number in the JSON input. This method will be called when reading
+     * the first character of the number.
+     */
+    void startNumber();
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the end of a number in the JSON input. This method will be called after reading the
+     * last character of the number.
+     *
+     * @param string the parsed number string
+     */
+    void endNumber(String string);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the beginning of an array in the JSON input. This method will be called when reading
+     * the opening square bracket character (<code>'['</code>).
+     * <p>
+     * This method may return an object to handle subsequent parser events for this array. This array
+     * handler will then be provided in all calls to {@link #startArrayValue(Object)
+     * startArrayValue()}, {@link #endArrayValue(Object) endArrayValue()}, and
+     * {@link #endArray(Object) endArray()} for this array.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @return a handler for this array, or <code>null</code> if not needed
+     */
+    A startArray();
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the end of an array in the JSON input. This method will be called after reading the
+     * closing square bracket character (<code>']'</code>).
+     *
+     * @param array the array handler returned from {@link #startArray()}, or <code>null</code> if not
+     *              provided
+     */
+    void endArray(A array);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the beginning of an array element in the JSON input. This method will be called when
+     * reading the first character of the element, just before the call to the <code>start</code>
+     * method for the specific element type ({@link #startString()}, {@link #startNumber()}, etc.).
+     *
+     * @param array the array handler returned from {@link #startArray()}, or <code>null</code> if not
+     *              provided
+     */
+    void startArrayValue(A array);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the end of an array element in the JSON input. This method will be called after
+     * reading the last character of the element value, just after the <code>end</code> method for the
+     * specific element type (like {@link #endString(String) endString()}, {@link #endNumber(String)
+     * endNumber()}, etc.).
+     *
+     * @param array the array handler returned from {@link #startArray()}, or <code>null</code> if not
+     *              provided
+     */
+    void endArrayValue(A array);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the beginning of an object in the JSON input. This method will be called when reading
+     * the opening curly bracket character (<code>'{'</code>).
+     * <p>
+     * This method may return an object to handle subsequent parser events for this object. This
+     * object handler will be provided in all calls to {@link #startObjectName(Object)
+     * startObjectName()}, {@link #endObjectName(Object, String) endObjectName()},
+     * {@link #startObjectValue(Object, String) startObjectValue()},
+     * {@link #endObjectValue(Object, String) endObjectValue()}, and {@link #endObject(Object)
+     * endObject()} for this object.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @return a handler for this object, or <code>null</code> if not needed
+     */
+    O startObject();
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the end of an object in the JSON input. This method will be called after reading the
+     * closing curly bracket character (<code>'}'</code>).
+     *
+     * @param object the object handler returned from {@link #startObject()}, or null if not provided
+     */
+    void endObject(O object);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the beginning of the name of an object member in the JSON input. This method will be
+     * called when reading the opening quote character ('&quot;') of the member name.
+     *
+     * @param object the object handler returned from {@link #startObject()}, or <code>null</code> if not
+     *               provided
+     */
+    void startObjectName(O object);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the end of an object member name in the JSON input. This method will be called after
+     * reading the closing quote character (<code>'"'</code>) of the member name.
+     *
+     * @param object the object handler returned from {@link #startObject()}, or null if not provided
+     * @param name   the parsed member name
+     */
+    void endObjectName(O object, String name);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the beginning of the name of an object member in the JSON input. This method will be
+     * called when reading the opening quote character ('&quot;') of the member name.
+     *
+     * @param object the object handler returned from {@link #startObject()}, or <code>null</code> if not
+     *               provided
+     * @param name   the member name
+     */
+    void startObjectValue(O object, String name);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the end of an object member value in the JSON input. This method will be called after
+     * reading the last character of the member value, just after the <code>end</code> method for the
+     * specific member type (like {@link #endString(String) endString()}, {@link #endNumber(String)
+     * endNumber()}, etc.).
+     *
+     * @param object the object handler returned from {@link #startObject()}, or null if not provided
+     * @param name   the parsed member name
+     */
+    void endObjectValue(O object, String name);
+
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonLiteral.java

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * A JSON literal.
+ */
+class JsonLiteral extends JsonValue {
+
+    public static final JsonLiteral NULL = new JsonLiteral("null");
+
+    public static final JsonLiteral TRUE = new JsonLiteral("true");
+
+    public static final JsonLiteral FALSE = new JsonLiteral("false");
+
+    private final String value;
+
+    private final boolean isNull;
+
+    private final boolean isTrue;
+
+    private final boolean isFalse;
+
+    JsonLiteral(String value) {
+        this.value = value;
+        isNull = "null".equals(value);
+        isTrue = "true".equals(value);
+        isFalse = "false".equals(value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    void write(JsonWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        writer.writeLiteral(value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return value.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isNull() {
+        return isNull;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isTrue() {
+        return isTrue;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isFalse() {
+        return isFalse;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isBoolean() {
+        return isTrue || isFalse;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean asBoolean() {
+        return isNull ? super.asBoolean() : isTrue;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object object) {
+        return this == object || object != null && getClass() == object.getClass() && value.equals(((JsonLiteral) object).value);
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonMapper.java

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ */
+public class JsonMapper {
+
+    private JsonMapper() {
+        // do not instantiate this class
+    }
+
+    public static Object asObject(JsonValue value) {
+        if (value.isBoolean()) {
+            return value.asBoolean();
+        } else if (value.isInt()) {
+            return value.asInt();
+        } else if (value.isLong()) {
+            return value.asLong();
+        } else if (value.isFloat()) {
+            return value.asFloat();
+        } else if (value.isDouble()) {
+            return value.asDouble();
+        } else if (value.isString()) {
+            return value.asString();
+        } else if (value.isArray()) {
+            return asList(value.asArray());
+        } else if (value.isObject()) {
+            return asMap(value.asObject());
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static List<Object> asList(JsonArray array) {
+        List<Object> list = new ArrayList<>(array.size());
+        for (JsonValue element : array) {
+            list.add(asObject(element));
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    public static Map<String, Object> asMap(JsonObject object) {
+        Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>(object.size(), 1.f);
+        for (JsonObject.Member member : object) {
+            map.put(member.getName(), asObject(member.getValue()));
+        }
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    public static JsonValue asJsonValue(Object object) {
+        if (object == null) {
+            return JsonLiteral.NULL;
+        } else if (object instanceof Boolean) {
+            return Json.of((Boolean) object);
+        } else if (object instanceof Integer) {
+            return Json.of((Integer) object);
+        } else if (object instanceof Long) {
+            return Json.of((Long) object);
+        } else if (object instanceof Float) {
+            return Json.of((Float) object);
+        } else if (object instanceof Double) {
+            return Json.of((Double) object);
+        } else if (object instanceof String) {
+            return Json.of((String) object);
+        } else if (object instanceof Collection) {
+            return asJsonArray((Collection<?>) object);
+        } else if (object instanceof Map) {
+            return asJsonObject((Map<?, ?>) object);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static JsonArray asJsonArray(Collection<?> collection) {
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (Object element : collection) {
+            array.add(asJsonValue(element));
+        }
+        return array;
+    }
+
+    public static JsonObject asJsonObject(Map<?, ?> map) {
+        JsonObject object = new JsonObject();
+        for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+            object.add(String.valueOf(entry.getKey()),
+                    asJsonValue(entry.getValue()));
+        }
+        return object;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonNumber.java

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+class JsonNumber extends JsonValue {
+
+    private final String string;
+
+    JsonNumber(String string) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(string);
+        this.string = string;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return string;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    void write(JsonWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        writer.writeNumber(string);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isInt() {
+        try {
+            asInt();
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isLong() {
+        try {
+            asLong();
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isFloat() {
+        try {
+            asFloat();
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isDouble() {
+        try {
+            asDouble();
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int asInt() {
+        return Integer.parseInt(string, 10);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long asLong() {
+        return Long.parseLong(string, 10);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public float asFloat() {
+        return Float.parseFloat(string);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double asDouble() {
+        return Double.parseDouble(string);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return string.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object object) {
+        return this == object || object != null && getClass() == object.getClass()
+                && string.equals(((JsonNumber) object).string);
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonObject.java

@@ -0,0 +1,786 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * Represents a JSON object, a set of name/value pairs, where the names are strings and the values
+ * are JSON values.
+ * <p>
+ * Members can be added using the <code>add(String, ...)</code> methods which accept instances of
+ * {@link JsonValue}, strings, primitive numbers, and boolean values. To modify certain values of an
+ * object, use the <code>set(String, ...)</code> methods. Please note that the <code>add</code>
+ * methods are faster than <code>set</code> as they do not search for existing members. On the other
+ * hand, the <code>add</code> methods do not prevent adding multiple members with the same name.
+ * Duplicate names are discouraged but not prohibited by JSON.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * Members can be accessed by their name using {@link #get(String)}. A list of all names can be
+ * obtained from the method {@link #names()}. This class also supports iterating over the members in
+ * document order using an {@link #iterator()} or an enhanced for loop:
+ * </p>
+ * <pre>
+ * for (Member member : jsonObject) {
+ *   String name = member.getName();
+ *   JsonValue value = member.getValue();
+ *   ...
+ * }
+ * </pre>
+ * <p>
+ * Even though JSON objects are unordered by definition, instances of this class preserve the order
+ * of members to allow processing in document order and to guarantee a predictable output.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * Note that this class is <strong>not thread-safe</strong>. If multiple threads access a
+ * <code>JsonObject</code> instance concurrently, while at least one of these threads modifies the
+ * contents of this object, access to the instance must be synchronized externally. Failure to do so
+ * may lead to an inconsistent state.
+ * </p>
+ */
+class JsonObject extends JsonValue implements Iterable<JsonObject.Member> {
+
+    private final List<String> names;
+
+    private final List<JsonValue> values;
+
+    private HashIndexTable table;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new empty JsonObject.
+     */
+    JsonObject() {
+        names = new ArrayList<>();
+        values = new ArrayList<>();
+        table = new HashIndexTable();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JsonObject, initialized with the contents of the specified JSON object.
+     *
+     * @param object the JSON object to get the initial contents from, must not be <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public JsonObject(JsonObject object) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(object);
+        names = new ArrayList<>(object.names);
+        values = new ArrayList<>(object.values);
+        table = new HashIndexTable();
+        updateHashIndex();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a new member to the end of this object, with the specified name and the JSON
+     * representation of the specified <code>int</code> value.
+     * <p>
+     * This method <strong>does not prevent duplicate names</strong>. Calling this method with a name
+     * that already exists in the object will append another member with the same name. In order to
+     * replace existing members, use the method <code>set(name, value)</code> instead. However,
+     * <strong> <em>add</em> is much faster than <em>set</em></strong> (because it does not need to
+     * search for existing members). Therefore <em>add</em> should be preferred when constructing new
+     * objects.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject add(String name, int value) {
+        add(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a new member to the end of this object, with the specified name and the JSON
+     * representation of the specified <code>long</code> value.
+     * <p>
+     * This method <strong>does not prevent duplicate names</strong>. Calling this method with a name
+     * that already exists in the object will append another member with the same name. In order to
+     * replace existing members, use the method <code>set(name, value)</code> instead. However,
+     * <strong> <em>add</em> is much faster than <em>set</em></strong> (because it does not need to
+     * search for existing members). Therefore <em>add</em> should be preferred when constructing new
+     * objects.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject add(String name, long value) {
+        add(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a new member to the end of this object, with the specified name and the JSON
+     * representation of the specified <code>float</code> value.
+     * <p>
+     * This method <strong>does not prevent duplicate names</strong>. Calling this method with a name
+     * that already exists in the object will append another member with the same name. In order to
+     * replace existing members, use the method <code>set(name, value)</code> instead. However,
+     * <strong> <em>add</em> is much faster than <em>set</em></strong> (because it does not need to
+     * search for existing members). Therefore <em>add</em> should be preferred when constructing new
+     * objects.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject add(String name, float value) {
+        add(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a new member to the end of this object, with the specified name and the JSON
+     * representation of the specified <code>double</code> value.
+     * <p>
+     * This method <strong>does not prevent duplicate names</strong>. Calling this method with a name
+     * that already exists in the object will append another member with the same name. In order to
+     * replace existing members, use the method <code>set(name, value)</code> instead. However,
+     * <strong> <em>add</em> is much faster than <em>set</em></strong> (because it does not need to
+     * search for existing members). Therefore <em>add</em> should be preferred when constructing new
+     * objects.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject add(String name, double value) {
+        add(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a new member to the end of this object, with the specified name and the JSON
+     * representation of the specified <code>boolean</code> value.
+     * <p>
+     * This method <strong>does not prevent duplicate names</strong>. Calling this method with a name
+     * that already exists in the object will append another member with the same name. In order to
+     * replace existing members, use the method <code>set(name, value)</code> instead. However,
+     * <strong> <em>add</em> is much faster than <em>set</em></strong> (because it does not need to
+     * search for existing members). Therefore <em>add</em> should be preferred when constructing new
+     * objects.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject add(String name, boolean value) {
+        add(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a new member to the end of this object, with the specified name and the JSON
+     * representation of the specified string.
+     * <p>
+     * This method <strong>does not prevent duplicate names</strong>. Calling this method with a name
+     * that already exists in the object will append another member with the same name. In order to
+     * replace existing members, use the method <code>set(name, value)</code> instead. However,
+     * <strong> <em>add</em> is much faster than <em>set</em></strong> (because it does not need to
+     * search for existing members). Therefore <em>add</em> should be preferred when constructing new
+     * objects.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject add(String name, String value) {
+        add(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a new member to the end of this object, with the specified name and the specified JSON
+     * value.
+     * <p>
+     * This method <strong>does not prevent duplicate names</strong>. Calling this method with a name
+     * that already exists in the object will append another member with the same name. In order to
+     * replace existing members, use the method <code>set(name, value)</code> instead. However,
+     * <strong> <em>add</em> is much faster than <em>set</em></strong> (because it does not need to
+     * search for existing members). Therefore <em>add</em> should be preferred when constructing new
+     * objects.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add, must not be <code>null</code>
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject add(String name, JsonValue value) {
+        if (name == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("name is null");
+        }
+        if (value == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("value is null");
+        }
+        table.add(name, names.size());
+        names.add(name);
+        values.add(value);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value of the member with the specified name to the JSON representation of the
+     * specified <code>int</code> value. If this object does not contain a member with this name, a
+     * new member is added at the end of the object. If this object contains multiple members with
+     * this name, only the last one is changed.
+     * <p>
+     * This method should <strong>only be used to modify existing objects</strong>. To fill a new
+     * object with members, the method <code>add(name, value)</code> should be preferred which is much
+     * faster (as it does not need to search for existing members).
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to replace
+     * @param value the value to set to the member
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject set(String name, int value) {
+        set(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value of the member with the specified name to the JSON representation of the
+     * specified <code>long</code> value. If this object does not contain a member with this name, a
+     * new member is added at the end of the object. If this object contains multiple members with
+     * this name, only the last one is changed.
+     * <p>
+     * This method should <strong>only be used to modify existing objects</strong>. To fill a new
+     * object with members, the method <code>add(name, value)</code> should be preferred which is much
+     * faster (as it does not need to search for existing members).
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to replace
+     * @param value the value to set to the member
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject set(String name, long value) {
+        set(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value of the member with the specified name to the JSON representation of the
+     * specified <code>float</code> value. If this object does not contain a member with this name, a
+     * new member is added at the end of the object. If this object contains multiple members with
+     * this name, only the last one is changed.
+     * <p>
+     * This method should <strong>only be used to modify existing objects</strong>. To fill a new
+     * object with members, the method <code>add(name, value)</code> should be preferred which is much
+     * faster (as it does not need to search for existing members).
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject set(String name, float value) {
+        set(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value of the member with the specified name to the JSON representation of the
+     * specified <code>double</code> value. If this object does not contain a member with this name, a
+     * new member is added at the end of the object. If this object contains multiple members with
+     * this name, only the last one is changed.
+     * <p>
+     * This method should <strong>only be used to modify existing objects</strong>. To fill a new
+     * object with members, the method <code>add(name, value)</code> should be preferred which is much
+     * faster (as it does not need to search for existing members).
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject set(String name, double value) {
+        set(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value of the member with the specified name to the JSON representation of the
+     * specified <code>boolean</code> value. If this object does not contain a member with this name,
+     * a new member is added at the end of the object. If this object contains multiple members with
+     * this name, only the last one is changed.
+     * <p>
+     * This method should <strong>only be used to modify existing objects</strong>. To fill a new
+     * object with members, the method <code>add(name, value)</code> should be preferred which is much
+     * faster (as it does not need to search for existing members).
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject set(String name, boolean value) {
+        set(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value of the member with the specified name to the JSON representation of the
+     * specified string. If this object does not contain a member with this name, a new member is
+     * added at the end of the object. If this object contains multiple members with this name, only
+     * the last one is changed.
+     * <p>
+     * This method should <strong>only be used to modify existing objects</strong>. To fill a new
+     * object with members, the method <code>add(name, value)</code> should be preferred which is much
+     * faster (as it does not need to search for existing members).
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject set(String name, String value) {
+        set(name, Json.of(value));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value of the member with the specified name to the specified JSON value. If this
+     * object does not contain a member with this name, a new member is added at the end of the
+     * object. If this object contains multiple members with this name, only the last one is changed.
+     * <p>
+     * This method should <strong>only be used to modify existing objects</strong>. To fill a new
+     * object with members, the method <code>add(name, value)</code> should be preferred which is much
+     * faster (as it does not need to search for existing members).
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param name  the name of the member to add
+     * @param value the value of the member to add, must not be <code>null</code>
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject set(String name, JsonValue value) {
+        if (name == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("name is null");
+        }
+        if (value == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("value is null");
+        }
+        int index = indexOf(name);
+        if (index != -1) {
+            values.set(index, value);
+        } else {
+            table.add(name, names.size());
+            names.add(name);
+            values.add(value);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a member with the specified name from this object. If this object contains multiple
+     * members with the given name, only the last one is removed. If this object does not contain a
+     * member with the specified name, the object is not modified.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the member to remove
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject remove(String name) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(name);
+        int index = indexOf(name);
+        if (index != -1) {
+            table.remove(index);
+            names.remove(index);
+            values.remove(index);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies all members of the specified object into this object. When the specified object contains
+     * members with names that also exist in this object, the existing values in this object will be
+     * replaced by the corresponding values in the specified object.
+     *
+     * @param object the object to merge
+     * @return the object itself, to enable method chaining
+     */
+    public JsonObject merge(JsonObject object) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(object);
+        for (Member member : object) {
+            this.set(member.name, member.value);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of the member with the specified name in this object. If this object contains
+     * multiple members with the given name, this method will return the last one.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the member whose value is to be returned
+     * @return the value of the last member with the specified name, or <code>null</code> if this
+     * object does not contain a member with that name
+     */
+    public JsonValue get(String name) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(name);
+        int index = indexOf(name);
+        return index != -1 ? values.get(index) : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the <code>int</code> value of the member with the specified name in this object. If
+     * this object does not contain a member with this name, the given default value is returned. If
+     * this object contains multiple members with the given name, the last one will be picked. If this
+     * member's value does not represent a JSON number or if it cannot be interpreted as Java
+     * <code>int</code>, an exception is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param name         the name of the member whose value is to be returned
+     * @param defaultValue the value to be returned if the requested member is missing
+     * @return the value of the last member with the specified name, or the given default value if
+     * this object does not contain a member with that name
+     */
+    public int getInt(String name, int defaultValue) {
+        JsonValue value = get(name);
+        return value != null ? value.asInt() : defaultValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the <code>long</code> value of the member with the specified name in this object. If
+     * this object does not contain a member with this name, the given default value is returned. If
+     * this object contains multiple members with the given name, the last one will be picked. If this
+     * member's value does not represent a JSON number or if it cannot be interpreted as Java
+     * <code>long</code>, an exception is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param name         the name of the member whose value is to be returned
+     * @param defaultValue the value to be returned if the requested member is missing
+     * @return the value of the last member with the specified name, or the given default value if
+     * this object does not contain a member with that name
+     */
+    public long getLong(String name, long defaultValue) {
+        JsonValue value = get(name);
+        return value != null ? value.asLong() : defaultValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the <code>float</code> value of the member with the specified name in this object. If
+     * this object does not contain a member with this name, the given default value is returned. If
+     * this object contains multiple members with the given name, the last one will be picked. If this
+     * member's value does not represent a JSON number or if it cannot be interpreted as Java
+     * <code>float</code>, an exception is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param name         the name of the member whose value is to be returned
+     * @param defaultValue the value to be returned if the requested member is missing
+     * @return the value of the last member with the specified name, or the given default value if
+     * this object does not contain a member with that name
+     */
+    public float getFloat(String name, float defaultValue) {
+        JsonValue value = get(name);
+        return value != null ? value.asFloat() : defaultValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the <code>double</code> value of the member with the specified name in this object. If
+     * this object does not contain a member with this name, the given default value is returned. If
+     * this object contains multiple members with the given name, the last one will be picked. If this
+     * member's value does not represent a JSON number or if it cannot be interpreted as Java
+     * <code>double</code>, an exception is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param name         the name of the member whose value is to be returned
+     * @param defaultValue the value to be returned if the requested member is missing
+     * @return the value of the last member with the specified name, or the given default value if
+     * this object does not contain a member with that name
+     */
+    public double getDouble(String name, double defaultValue) {
+        JsonValue value = get(name);
+        return value != null ? value.asDouble() : defaultValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the <code>boolean</code> value of the member with the specified name in this object. If
+     * this object does not contain a member with this name, the given default value is returned. If
+     * this object contains multiple members with the given name, the last one will be picked. If this
+     * member's value does not represent a JSON <code>true</code> or <code>false</code> value, an
+     * exception is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param name         the name of the member whose value is to be returned
+     * @param defaultValue the value to be returned if the requested member is missing
+     * @return the value of the last member with the specified name, or the given default value if
+     * this object does not contain a member with that name
+     */
+    public boolean getBoolean(String name, boolean defaultValue) {
+        JsonValue value = get(name);
+        return value != null ? value.asBoolean() : defaultValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the <code>String</code> value of the member with the specified name in this object. If
+     * this object does not contain a member with this name, the given default value is returned. If
+     * this object contains multiple members with the given name, the last one is picked. If this
+     * member's value does not represent a JSON string, an exception is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param name         the name of the member whose value is to be returned
+     * @param defaultValue the value to be returned if the requested member is missing
+     * @return the value of the last member with the specified name, or the given default value if
+     * this object does not contain a member with that name
+     */
+    public String getString(String name, String defaultValue) {
+        JsonValue value = get(name);
+        return value != null ? value.asString() : defaultValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of members (name/value pairs) in this object.
+     *
+     * @return the number of members in this object
+     */
+    public int size() {
+        return names.size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <code>true</code> if this object contains no members.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this object contains no members
+     */
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return names.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of the names in this object in document order. The returned list is backed by
+     * this object and will reflect subsequent changes. It cannot be used to modify this object.
+     * Attempts to modify the returned list will result in an exception.
+     *
+     * @return a list of the names in this object
+     */
+    public List<String> names() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(names);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an iterator over the members of this object in document order. The returned iterator
+     * cannot be used to modify this object.
+     *
+     * @return an iterator over the members of this object
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<Member> iterator() {
+        final Iterator<String> namesIterator = names.iterator();
+        final Iterator<JsonValue> valuesIterator = values.iterator();
+        return new Iterator<Member>() {
+            @Override
+            public boolean hasNext() {
+                return namesIterator.hasNext();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Member next() {
+                String name = namesIterator.next();
+                JsonValue value = valuesIterator.next();
+                return new Member(name, value);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void remove() {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+            }
+
+        };
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    void write(JsonWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        writer.writeObjectOpen();
+        Iterator<String> namesIterator = names.iterator();
+        Iterator<JsonValue> valuesIterator = values.iterator();
+        if (namesIterator.hasNext()) {
+            writer.writeMemberName(namesIterator.next());
+            writer.writeMemberSeparator();
+            valuesIterator.next().write(writer);
+            while (namesIterator.hasNext()) {
+                writer.writeObjectSeparator();
+                writer.writeMemberName(namesIterator.next());
+                writer.writeMemberSeparator();
+                valuesIterator.next().write(writer);
+            }
+        }
+        writer.writeObjectClose();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isObject() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public JsonObject asObject() {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int result = 1;
+        result = 31 * result + names.hashCode();
+        result = 31 * result + values.hashCode();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (this == obj) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (obj == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        JsonObject other = (JsonObject) obj;
+        return names.equals(other.names) && values.equals(other.values);
+    }
+
+    int indexOf(String name) {
+        int index = table.get(name);
+        if (index != -1 && name.equals(names.get(index))) {
+            return index;
+        }
+        return names.lastIndexOf(name);
+    }
+
+    private void updateHashIndex() {
+        int size = names.size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            table.add(names.get(i), i);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Represents a member of a JSON object, a pair of a name and a value.
+     */
+    static class Member {
+
+        private final String name;
+        private final JsonValue value;
+
+        Member(String name, JsonValue value) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.value = value;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the name of this member.
+         *
+         * @return the name of this member, never <code>null</code>
+         */
+        public String getName() {
+            return name;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the value of this member.
+         *
+         * @return the value of this member, never <code>null</code>
+         */
+        public JsonValue getValue() {
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            int result = 1;
+            result = 31 * result + name.hashCode();
+            result = 31 * result + value.hashCode();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Indicates whether a given object is "equal to" this JsonObject. An object is considered equal
+         * if it is also a <code>JsonObject</code> and both objects contain the same members <em>in
+         * the same order</em>.
+         * <p>
+         * If two JsonObjects are equal, they will also produce the same JSON output.
+         * </p>
+         *
+         * @param object the object to be compared with this JsonObject
+         * @return <tt>true</tt> if the specified object is equal to this JsonObject, <code>false</code>
+         * otherwise
+         */
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object object) {
+            if (this == object) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (object == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (getClass() != object.getClass()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            Member other = (Member) object;
+            return name.equals(other.name) && value.equals(other.value);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    static class HashIndexTable {
+
+        private final byte[] hashTable = new byte[32]; // must be a power of two
+
+        HashIndexTable() {
+        }
+
+        HashIndexTable(HashIndexTable original) {
+            System.arraycopy(original.hashTable, 0, hashTable, 0, hashTable.length);
+        }
+
+        void add(String name, int index) {
+            int slot = hashSlotFor(name);
+            if (index < 0xff) {
+                // increment by 1, 0 stands for empty
+                hashTable[slot] = (byte) (index + 1);
+            } else {
+                hashTable[slot] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void remove(int index) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < hashTable.length; i++) {
+                if (hashTable[i] == index + 1) {
+                    hashTable[i] = 0;
+                } else if (hashTable[i] > index + 1) {
+                    hashTable[i]--;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        int get(Object name) {
+            int slot = hashSlotFor(name);
+            // subtract 1, 0 stands for empty
+            return (hashTable[slot] & 0xff) - 1;
+        }
+
+        private int hashSlotFor(Object element) {
+            return element.hashCode() & hashTable.length - 1;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonReader.java

@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * A streaming parser for JSON text. The parser reports all events to a given handler.
+ *
+ * @param <A> the JSON array type
+ * @param <O> the JSON object type
+ */
+public class JsonReader<A, O> {
+
+    private static final int MAX_NESTING_LEVEL = 1000;
+
+    private static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 1024;
+
+    private final Reader reader;
+
+    private final JsonHandler<A, O> handler;
+
+    private char[] buffer;
+
+    private int index;
+
+    private int fill;
+
+    private int current;
+
+    private StringBuilder captureBuffer;
+
+    private int captureStart;
+
+    private int nestingLevel;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JsonParser with the given handler. The parser will report all parser events to
+     * this handler.
+     * @param reader the reader
+     * @param handler the handler to process parser events
+     */
+    public JsonReader(Reader reader, JsonHandler<A, O> handler) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(handler);
+        this.handler = handler;
+        this.reader = reader;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the entire input from the given reader and parses it as JSON. The input must contain a
+     * valid JSON value, optionally padded with whitespace.
+     * <p>
+     * Characters are read in chunks into a default-sized input buffer. Hence, wrapping a reader in an
+     * additional <code>BufferedReader</code> likely won't improve reading performance.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @throws IOException    if an I/O error occurs in the reader
+     * @throws JsonException if the input is not valid JSON
+     */
+    public void parse() throws IOException {
+        parse(DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the entire input from the given reader and parses it as JSON. The input must contain a
+     * valid JSON value, optionally padded with whitespace.
+     * <p>
+     * Characters are read in chunks into an input buffer of the given size. Hence, wrapping a reader
+     * in an additional <code>BufferedReader</code> likely won't improve reading performance.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param buffersize the size of the input buffer in chars
+     * @throws IOException    if an I/O error occurs in the reader
+     * @throws JsonException if the input is not valid JSON
+     */
+    public void parse(int buffersize) throws IOException {
+        if (reader == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("reader is null");
+        }
+        if (buffersize <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("buffersize is zero or negative");
+        }
+        buffer = new char[buffersize];
+        index = 0;
+        fill = 0;
+        current = 0;
+        captureStart = -1;
+        read();
+        skipWhiteSpace();
+        readValue();
+        skipWhiteSpace();
+        if (!isEndOfText()) {
+            throw error("Unexpected character");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readValue() throws IOException {
+        switch (current) {
+            case 'n':
+                readNull();
+                break;
+            case 't':
+                readTrue();
+                break;
+            case 'f':
+                readFalse();
+                break;
+            case '"':
+                readString();
+                break;
+            case '[':
+                readArray();
+                break;
+            case '{':
+                readObject();
+                break;
+            case '-':
+            case '0':
+            case '1':
+            case '2':
+            case '3':
+            case '4':
+            case '5':
+            case '6':
+            case '7':
+            case '8':
+            case '9':
+                readNumber();
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw expected("value");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readArray() throws IOException {
+        A array = handler.startArray();
+        read();
+        if (++nestingLevel > MAX_NESTING_LEVEL) {
+            throw error("Nesting too deep");
+        }
+        skipWhiteSpace();
+        if (readChar(']')) {
+            nestingLevel--;
+            handler.endArray(array);
+            return;
+        }
+        do {
+            skipWhiteSpace();
+            handler.startArrayValue(array);
+            readValue();
+            handler.endArrayValue(array);
+            skipWhiteSpace();
+        } while (readChar(','));
+        if (!readChar(']')) {
+            throw expected("',' or ']'");
+        }
+        nestingLevel--;
+        handler.endArray(array);
+    }
+
+    private void readObject() throws IOException {
+        O object = handler.startObject();
+        read();
+        if (++nestingLevel > MAX_NESTING_LEVEL) {
+            throw error("Nesting too deep");
+        }
+        skipWhiteSpace();
+        if (readChar('}')) {
+            nestingLevel--;
+            handler.endObject(object);
+            return;
+        }
+        do {
+            skipWhiteSpace();
+            handler.startObjectName(object);
+            String name = readName();
+            handler.endObjectName(object, name);
+            skipWhiteSpace();
+            if (!readChar(':')) {
+                throw expected("':'");
+            }
+            skipWhiteSpace();
+            handler.startObjectValue(object, name);
+            readValue();
+            handler.endObjectValue(object, name);
+            skipWhiteSpace();
+        } while (readChar(','));
+        if (!readChar('}')) {
+            throw expected("',' or '}'");
+        }
+        nestingLevel--;
+        handler.endObject(object);
+    }
+
+    private String readName() throws IOException {
+        if (current != '"') {
+            throw expected("name");
+        }
+        return readStringInternal();
+    }
+
+    private void readNull() throws IOException {
+        handler.startNull();
+        read();
+        readRequiredChar('u');
+        readRequiredChar('l');
+        readRequiredChar('l');
+        handler.endNull();
+    }
+
+    private void readTrue() throws IOException {
+        handler.startBoolean();
+        read();
+        readRequiredChar('r');
+        readRequiredChar('u');
+        readRequiredChar('e');
+        handler.endBoolean(true);
+    }
+
+    private void readFalse() throws IOException {
+        handler.startBoolean();
+        read();
+        readRequiredChar('a');
+        readRequiredChar('l');
+        readRequiredChar('s');
+        readRequiredChar('e');
+        handler.endBoolean(false);
+    }
+
+    private void readRequiredChar(char ch) throws IOException {
+        if (!readChar(ch)) {
+            throw expected("'" + ch + "'");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readString() throws IOException {
+        handler.startString();
+        handler.endString(readStringInternal());
+    }
+
+    private String readStringInternal() throws IOException {
+        read();
+        startCapture();
+        while (current != '"') {
+            if (current == '\\') {
+                pauseCapture();
+                readEscape();
+                startCapture();
+            } else if (current < 0x20) {
+                throw expected("valid string character");
+            } else {
+                read();
+            }
+        }
+        String string = endCapture();
+        read();
+        return string;
+    }
+
+    private void readEscape() throws IOException {
+        read();
+        switch (current) {
+            case '"':
+            case '/':
+            case '\\':
+                captureBuffer.append((char) current);
+                break;
+            case 'b':
+                captureBuffer.append('\b');
+                break;
+            case 'f':
+                captureBuffer.append('\f');
+                break;
+            case 'n':
+                captureBuffer.append('\n');
+                break;
+            case 'r':
+                captureBuffer.append('\r');
+                break;
+            case 't':
+                captureBuffer.append('\t');
+                break;
+            case 'u':
+                char[] hexChars = new char[4];
+                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+                    read();
+                    if (!isHexDigit()) {
+                        throw expected("hexadecimal digit");
+                    }
+                    hexChars[i] = (char) current;
+                }
+                captureBuffer.append((char) Integer.parseInt(new String(hexChars), 16));
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw expected("valid escape sequence");
+        }
+        read();
+    }
+
+    private void readNumber() throws IOException {
+        handler.startNumber();
+        startCapture();
+        readChar('-');
+        int firstDigit = current;
+        if (!readDigit()) {
+            throw expected("digit");
+        }
+        if (firstDigit != '0') {
+            while (true) {
+                if (readDigit()) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        readFraction();
+        readExponent();
+        handler.endNumber(endCapture());
+    }
+
+    private void readFraction() throws IOException {
+        if (!readChar('.')) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!readDigit()) {
+            throw expected("digit");
+        }
+        while (true) {
+            if (readDigit()) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readExponent() throws IOException {
+        if (!readChar('e') && !readChar('E')) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!readChar('+')) {
+            readChar('-');
+        }
+        if (!readDigit()) {
+            throw expected("digit");
+        }
+        while (true) {
+            if (readDigit()) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean readChar(char ch) throws IOException {
+        if (current != ch) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        read();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean readDigit() throws IOException {
+        if (!isDigit()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        read();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void skipWhiteSpace() throws IOException {
+        while (isWhiteSpace()) {
+            read();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void read() throws IOException {
+        if (index == fill) {
+            if (captureStart != -1) {
+                captureBuffer.append(buffer, captureStart, fill - captureStart);
+                captureStart = 0;
+            }
+            fill = reader.read(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
+            index = 0;
+            if (fill == -1) {
+                current = -1;
+                index++;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        current = buffer[index++];
+    }
+
+    private void startCapture() {
+        if (captureBuffer == null) {
+            captureBuffer = new StringBuilder();
+        }
+        captureStart = index - 1;
+    }
+
+    private void pauseCapture() {
+        int end = current == -1 ? index : index - 1;
+        captureBuffer.append(buffer, captureStart, end - captureStart);
+        captureStart = -1;
+    }
+
+    private String endCapture() {
+        int start = captureStart;
+        int end = index - 1;
+        captureStart = -1;
+        if (captureBuffer.length() > 0) {
+            captureBuffer.append(buffer, start, end - start);
+            String captured = captureBuffer.toString();
+            captureBuffer.setLength(0);
+            return captured;
+        }
+        return new String(buffer, start, end - start);
+    }
+
+    private JsonException expected(String expected) {
+        if (isEndOfText()) {
+            return error("Unexpected end of input");
+        }
+        return error("Expected " + expected);
+    }
+
+    private JsonException error(String message) {
+        return new JsonException(message);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isWhiteSpace() {
+        return current == ' ' || current == '\t' || current == '\n' || current == '\r';
+    }
+
+    private boolean isDigit() {
+        return current >= '0' && current <= '9';
+    }
+
+    private boolean isHexDigit() {
+        return current >= '0' && current <= '9'
+                || current >= 'a' && current <= 'f'
+                || current >= 'A' && current <= 'F';
+    }
+
+    private boolean isEndOfText() {
+        return current == -1;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonString.java

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+class JsonString extends JsonValue {
+
+    private final String string;
+
+    JsonString(String string) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(string);
+        this.string = string;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    void write(JsonWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString(string);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isString() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String asString() {
+        return string;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return string.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object object) {
+        return this == object || object != null && getClass() == object.getClass()
+                && string.equals(((JsonString) object).string);
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonValue.java

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+/**
+ * Represents a JSON value. This can be a JSON <strong>object</strong>, an <strong> array</strong>,
+ * a <strong>number</strong>, a <strong>string</strong>, or one of the literals
+ * <strong>true</strong>, <strong>false</strong>, and <strong>null</strong>.
+ * <p>
+ * The literals <strong>true</strong>, <strong>false</strong>, and <strong>null</strong> are
+ * represented by the constants
+ * {@code JsonLiteral.NULL}, {@code JsonLiteral.FALSE}, and {@code JsonLiteral.NULL}.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * JSON <strong>objects</strong> and <strong>arrays</strong> are represented by the subtypes
+ * {@link JsonObject} and {@link JsonArray}. Instances of these types can be created using the
+ * public constructors of these classes.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * Instances that represent JSON <strong>numbers</strong>, <strong>strings</strong> and
+ * <strong>boolean</strong> values can be created using the static factory methods
+ * {@code JSON.parse(String)}, {@code valueOf(long)}, {@code valueOf(double)}, etc.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * In order to find out whether an instance of this class is of a certain type, the methods
+ * {@link #isObject()}, {@link #isArray()}, {@link #isString()}, {@link #isInt()} etc. can be
+ * used.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * If the type of a JSON value is known, the methods {@link #asObject()}, {@link #asArray()},
+ * {@link #asString()}, {@link #asInt()}, etc. can be used to get this value directly in the
+ * appropriate target type.
+ * </p>
+ */
+abstract class JsonValue {
+
+    JsonValue() {
+        // prevent subclasses outside of this package
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents a JSON object. If this is the case, this value is an
+     * instance of {@link JsonObject}.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value is an instance of JsonObject
+     */
+    public boolean isObject() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents a JSON array. If this is the case, this value is an
+     * instance of {@link JsonArray}.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value is an instance of JsonArray
+     */
+    public boolean isArray() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents a JSON number that is an integer.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value represents a JSON number that is an integer
+     */
+    public boolean isInt() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents a JSON number that is an long.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value represents a JSON number that is an long
+     */
+    public boolean isLong() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents a JSON number that is an float.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value represents a JSON number that is an float
+     */
+    public boolean isFloat() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents a JSON number that is an double.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value represents a JSON number that is an double
+     */
+    public boolean isDouble() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents a JSON string.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value represents a JSON string
+     */
+    public boolean isString() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents a boolean value.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value represents either the JSON literal <code>true</code> or
+     * <code>false</code>
+     */
+    public boolean isBoolean() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents the JSON literal <code>true</code>.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value represents the JSON literal <code>true</code>
+     */
+    public boolean isTrue() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents the JSON literal <code>false</code>.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value represents the JSON literal <code>false</code>
+     */
+    public boolean isFalse() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects whether this value represents the JSON literal <code>null</code>.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this value represents the JSON literal <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public boolean isNull() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this JSON value as {@link JsonObject}, assuming that this value represents a JSON
+     * object. If this is not the case, an exception is thrown.
+     *
+     * @return a JSONObject for this value
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this value is not a JSON object
+     */
+    public JsonObject asObject() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not an object: " + toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this JSON value as {@link JsonArray}, assuming that this value represents a JSON array.
+     * If this is not the case, an exception is thrown.
+     *
+     * @return a JSONArray for this value
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this value is not a JSON array
+     */
+    public JsonArray asArray() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not an array: " + toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this JSON value as an <code>int</code> value, assuming that this value represents a
+     * JSON number that can be interpreted as Java <code>int</code>. If this is not the case, an
+     * exception is thrown.
+     * <p>
+     * To be interpreted as Java <code>int</code>, the JSON number must neither contain an exponent
+     * nor a fraction part. Moreover, the number must be in the <code>Integer</code> range.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @return this value as <code>int</code>
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this value is not a JSON number
+     * @throws NumberFormatException         if this JSON number can not be interpreted as <code>int</code> value
+     */
+    public int asInt() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not a number: " + toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this JSON value as a <code>long</code> value, assuming that this value represents a
+     * JSON number that can be interpreted as Java <code>long</code>. If this is not the case, an
+     * exception is thrown.
+     * <p>
+     * To be interpreted as Java <code>long</code>, the JSON number must neither contain an exponent
+     * nor a fraction part. Moreover, the number must be in the <code>Long</code> range.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @return this value as <code>long</code>
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this value is not a JSON number
+     * @throws NumberFormatException         if this JSON number can not be interpreted as <code>long</code> value
+     */
+    public long asLong() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this JSON value as a <code>float</code> value, assuming that this value represents a
+     * JSON number. If this is not the case, an exception is thrown.
+     * <p>
+     * If the JSON number is out of the <code>Float</code> range, {@link Float#POSITIVE_INFINITY} or
+     * {@link Float#NEGATIVE_INFINITY} is returned.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @return this value as <code>float</code>
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this value is not a JSON number
+     */
+    public float asFloat() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this JSON value as a <code>double</code> value, assuming that this value represents a
+     * JSON number. If this is not the case, an exception is thrown.
+     * <p>
+     * If the JSON number is out of the <code>Double</code> range, {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} or
+     * {@link Double#NEGATIVE_INFINITY} is returned.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @return this value as <code>double</code>
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this value is not a JSON number
+     */
+    public double asDouble() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this JSON value as String, assuming that this value represents a JSON string. If this
+     * is not the case, an exception is thrown.
+     *
+     * @return the string represented by this value
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this value is not a JSON string
+     */
+    public String asString() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this JSON value as a <code>boolean</code> value, assuming that this value is either
+     * <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>. If this is not the case, an exception is thrown.
+     *
+     * @return this value as <code>boolean</code>
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this value is neither <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>
+     */
+    public boolean asBoolean() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JSON string for this value in its minimal form, without any additional whitespace.
+     *
+     * @return a JSON string that represents this value
+     */
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return toString(JsonWriterConfig.minimal());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JSON string for this value using the given formatting.
+     *
+     * @param config a configuration that controls the formatting or <code>null</code> for the minimal form
+     * @return a JSON string that represents this value
+     */
+    public String toString(JsonWriterConfig config) {
+        StringWriter writer = new StringWriter();
+        try {
+            write(config.createWriter(writer));
+        } catch (IOException exception) {
+            // StringWriter does not throw IOException, so this is impossible
+            throw new JsonException(exception);
+        }
+        return writer.toString();
+    }
+
+    abstract void write(JsonWriter writer) throws IOException;
+
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonWriter.java

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Writer;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class JsonWriter {
+
+    private static final int CONTROL_CHARACTERS_END = 0x001f;
+
+    private static final char[] QUOT_CHARS = {'\\', '"'};
+    private static final char[] BS_CHARS = {'\\', '\\'};
+    private static final char[] LF_CHARS = {'\\', 'n'};
+    private static final char[] CR_CHARS = {'\\', 'r'};
+    private static final char[] TAB_CHARS = {'\\', 't'};
+    // In JavaScript, U+2028 and U+2029 characters count as line endings and must be encoded.
+    // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2965293/javascript-parse-error-on-u2028-unicode-character
+    private static final char[] UNICODE_2028_CHARS = {'\\', 'u', '2', '0', '2', '8'};
+    private static final char[] UNICODE_2029_CHARS = {'\\', 'u', '2', '0', '2', '9'};
+    private static final char[] HEX_DIGITS = {'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
+            'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};
+
+    protected final Writer writer;
+
+    public JsonWriter(Writer writer) {
+        this.writer = writer;
+    }
+
+    protected void writeLiteral(String value) throws IOException {
+        writer.write(value);
+    }
+
+    protected void writeNumber(String string) throws IOException {
+        writer.write(string);
+    }
+
+    protected void writeString(String string) throws IOException {
+        writer.write('"');
+        writeJsonString(string);
+        writer.write('"');
+    }
+
+    protected void writeArrayOpen() throws IOException {
+        writer.write('[');
+    }
+
+    protected void writeArrayClose() throws IOException {
+        writer.write(']');
+    }
+
+    protected void writeArraySeparator() throws IOException {
+        writer.write(',');
+    }
+
+    protected void writeObjectOpen() throws IOException {
+        writer.write('{');
+    }
+
+    protected void writeObjectClose() throws IOException {
+        writer.write('}');
+    }
+
+    protected void writeMemberName(String name) throws IOException {
+        writer.write('"');
+        writeJsonString(name);
+        writer.write('"');
+    }
+
+    protected void writeMemberSeparator() throws IOException {
+        writer.write(':');
+    }
+
+    protected void writeObjectSeparator() throws IOException {
+        writer.write(',');
+    }
+
+    private void writeJsonString(String string) throws IOException {
+        int length = string.length();
+        int start = 0;
+        for (int index = 0; index < length; index++) {
+            char[] replacement = getReplacementChars(string.charAt(index));
+            if (replacement != null) {
+                writer.write(string, start, index - start);
+                writer.write(replacement);
+                start = index + 1;
+            }
+        }
+        writer.write(string, start, length - start);
+    }
+
+    private static char[] getReplacementChars(char ch) {
+        if (ch > '\\') {
+            if (ch < '\u2028' || ch > '\u2029') {
+                // The lower range contains 'a' .. 'z'. Only 2 checks required.
+                return null;
+            }
+            return ch == '\u2028' ? UNICODE_2028_CHARS : UNICODE_2029_CHARS;
+        }
+        if (ch == '\\') {
+            return BS_CHARS;
+        }
+        if (ch > '"') {
+            // This range contains '0' .. '9' and 'A' .. 'Z'. Need 3 checks to get here.
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (ch == '"') {
+            return QUOT_CHARS;
+        }
+        if (ch > CONTROL_CHARACTERS_END) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (ch == '\n') {
+            return LF_CHARS;
+        }
+        if (ch == '\r') {
+            return CR_CHARS;
+        }
+        if (ch == '\t') {
+            return TAB_CHARS;
+        }
+        return new char[]{'\\', 'u', '0', '0', HEX_DIGITS[ch >> 4 & 0x000f], HEX_DIGITS[ch & 0x000f]};
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonWriterConfig.java

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * Controls the formatting of the JSON output. Use one of the available constants.
+ */
+@FunctionalInterface
+interface JsonWriterConfig {
+
+    JsonWriter createWriter(Writer writer);
+
+    /**
+     * Write JSON in its minimal form, without any additional whitespace. This is the default.
+     */
+    static JsonWriterConfig minimal() {
+        return JsonWriter::new;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write JSON in pretty-print, with each value on a separate line and an indentation of two
+     * spaces.
+     */
+    static JsonWriterConfig prettyPrint(int n) {
+        return new PrettyPrint(n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enables human readable JSON output by inserting whitespace between values.after commas and
+     * colons. Example:
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     * jsonValue.writeTo(writer, WriterConfig.prettyPrint());
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    class PrettyPrint implements JsonWriterConfig {
+
+        private final char[] indentChars;
+
+        PrettyPrint(char[] indentChars) {
+            this.indentChars = indentChars;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Print every value on a separate line. Use the given number of spaces for indentation.
+         *
+         * @param number the number of spaces to use
+         */
+        PrettyPrint(int number) {
+            this(fillChars(number));
+        }
+
+        private static char[] fillChars(int number) {
+            if (number < 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("number is negative");
+            }
+            char[] chars = new char[number];
+            Arrays.fill(chars, ' ');
+            return chars;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public JsonWriter createWriter(Writer writer) {
+            return new PrettyPrintWriter(writer, indentChars);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class PrettyPrintWriter extends JsonWriter {
+
+        private final char[] indentChars;
+        private int indent;
+
+        private PrettyPrintWriter(Writer writer, char[] indentChars) {
+            super(writer);
+            this.indentChars = indentChars;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void writeArrayOpen() throws IOException {
+            indent++;
+            writer.write('[');
+            writeNewLine();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void writeArrayClose() throws IOException {
+            indent--;
+            writeNewLine();
+            writer.write(']');
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void writeArraySeparator() throws IOException {
+            writer.write(',');
+            if (!writeNewLine()) {
+                writer.write(' ');
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void writeObjectOpen() throws IOException {
+            indent++;
+            writer.write('{');
+            writeNewLine();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void writeObjectClose() throws IOException {
+            indent--;
+            writeNewLine();
+            writer.write('}');
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void writeMemberSeparator() throws IOException {
+            writer.write(':');
+            writer.write(' ');
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void writeObjectSeparator() throws IOException {
+            writer.write(',');
+            if (!writeNewLine()) {
+                writer.write(' ');
+            }
+        }
+
+        private boolean writeNewLine() throws IOException {
+            if (indentChars == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            writer.write('\n');
+            for (int i = 0; i < indent; i++) {
+                writer.write(indentChars);
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/xbib/marc/json/MarcJsonWriter.java

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Paths;
 import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
 import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
@@ -65,15 +66,15 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
 
     private final Lock lock;
 
-    private final StringBuilder sb;
-
     private Writer writer;
 
+    private JsonWriter jsonWriter;
+
     private Marc.Builder builder;
 
     private boolean fatalErrors;
 
-    private Style style;
+    private EnumSet<Style> style;
 
     private Exception exception;
 
@@ -96,47 +97,46 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
     private boolean top;
 
     public MarcJsonWriter(OutputStream out) {
-        this(out, Style.ARRAY);
+        this(out, EnumSet.of(Style.ARRAY));
     }
 
-    public MarcJsonWriter(OutputStream out, Style style) {
+    public MarcJsonWriter(OutputStream out, EnumSet<Style> style) {
         this(out, DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE, style);
     }
 
-    public MarcJsonWriter(OutputStream out, int bufferSize, Style style) {
+    public MarcJsonWriter(OutputStream out, int bufferSize, EnumSet<Style> style) {
         this(new OutputStreamWriter(out, StandardCharsets.UTF_8), style, bufferSize);
     }
 
     public MarcJsonWriter(Writer writer) {
-        this(writer, Style.ARRAY, DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+        this(writer, EnumSet.of(Style.ARRAY), DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE);
     }
 
-    public MarcJsonWriter(Writer writer, Style style, int bufferSize) {
+    public MarcJsonWriter(Writer writer, EnumSet<Style> style, int bufferSize) {
         this.writer = new BufferedWriter(writer, bufferSize);
+        this.jsonWriter = new JsonWriter(this.writer);
         this.bufferSize = bufferSize;
         this.style = style;
         this.lock = new ReentrantLock();
-        this.sb = new StringBuilder();
         this.builder = Marc.builder();
         this.top = true;
     }
 
     public MarcJsonWriter(String fileNamePattern, int splitlimit) throws IOException {
-        this(fileNamePattern, splitlimit, Style.LINES, DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE, false);
+        this(fileNamePattern, splitlimit, EnumSet.of(Style.LINES), DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE, false);
     }
 
-    public MarcJsonWriter(String fileNamePattern, int splitlimit, Style style) throws IOException {
+    public MarcJsonWriter(String fileNamePattern, int splitlimit, EnumSet<Style> style) throws IOException {
         this(fileNamePattern, splitlimit, style, DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE, false);
     }
 
-    public MarcJsonWriter(String fileNamePattern, int splitlimit, Style style, int bufferSize, boolean compress)
+    public MarcJsonWriter(String fileNamePattern, int splitlimit, EnumSet<Style> style, int bufferSize, boolean compress)
             throws IOException {
         this.fileNameCounter = new AtomicInteger(0);
         this.fileNamePattern = fileNamePattern;
         this.splitlimit = splitlimit;
         this.bufferSize = bufferSize;
         this.lock = new ReentrantLock();
-        this.sb = new StringBuilder();
         this.builder = Marc.builder();
         this.top = true;
         this.style = style;
@@ -226,8 +226,12 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
 
     @Override
     public void beginCollection() {
-        if (style == Style.ARRAY) {
+        if (style.contains(Style.ARRAY)) {
-            sb.append("[");
+            try {
+                jsonWriter.writeArrayOpen();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -262,9 +266,11 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
         // would confuse us. Plus, we have our own locking here on record level.
         lock.lock();
         try {
-            toJson(marcRecord, sb);
+            if (style.contains(Style.ALLOW_DUPLICATES)) {
-            writer.write(sb.toString());
+                writeWithDuplicateKeys(marcRecord);
-            sb.setLength(0);
+            } else {
+                writeUnderlyingMap(marcRecord);
+            }
             recordCounter.incrementAndGet();
             afterRecord();
         } catch (Exception e) {
@@ -288,12 +294,20 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
 
     @Override
     public void endCollection() {
-        if (style == Style.ARRAY) {
+        if (style.contains(Style.ARRAY)) {
-            sb.append("]");
+            try {
+                jsonWriter.writeArrayClose();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                handleException(e);
             }
-        if (style == Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK) {
+        }
+        if (style.contains(Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK)) {
             // finish with line-feed "\n", not with System.lineSeparator()
-            sb.append("\n");
+            try {
+                writer.write("\n");
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
         }
         try {
             flush();
@@ -312,36 +326,105 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
     }
 
     /**
-     * Format MARC record as key-oriented JSON.
+     * Write MARC record using fields, indicators, and subfield structures,
-     *
+     * therefore allowing duplicate keys in the output.
-     * @param sb a string builder to append JSON to
+     * @param marcRecord the MARC record
+     * @throws IOException if writing fails
      */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private void writeWithDuplicateKeys(MarcRecord marcRecord) throws IOException {
-    private void toJson(MarcRecord marcRecord, StringBuilder sb) {
         if (marcRecord.isEmpty()) {
             return;
         }
         if (top) {
             top = false;
-            if (style == Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK) {
+            if (style.contains(Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK)) {
                 writeMetaDataLine(marcRecord);
             }
         } else {
-            switch (style) {
+            if (style.contains(Style.ARRAY)) {
-                case ARRAY:
+                jsonWriter.writeArraySeparator();
-                    sb.append(",");
+            } else if (style.contains(Style.LINES)) {
-                    break;
+                jsonWriter.writeLiteral("\n");
-                case LINES:
+            } else if (style.contains(Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK)) {
-                    sb.append("\n");
+                jsonWriter.writeLiteral("\n");
-                    break;
-                case ELASTICSEARCH_BULK:
-                    sb.append("\n");
                 writeMetaDataLine(marcRecord);
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    break;
             }
         }
+        jsonWriter.writeObjectOpen();
+        jsonWriter.writeMemberName(FORMAT_TAG);
+        jsonWriter.writeMemberSeparator();
+        jsonWriter.writeString(marcRecord.getFormat());
+        jsonWriter.writeObjectSeparator();
+        jsonWriter.writeMemberName(TYPE_TAG);
+        jsonWriter.writeMemberSeparator();
+        jsonWriter.writeString(marcRecord.getType());
+        jsonWriter.writeObjectSeparator();
+        jsonWriter.writeMemberName(LEADER_TAG);
+        jsonWriter.writeMemberSeparator();
+        jsonWriter.writeString(marcRecord.getRecordLabel().toString());
+        jsonWriter.writeObjectSeparator();
+        boolean fieldseparator = false;
+        for (MarcField marcField : marcRecord.getFields()) {
+            if (fieldseparator) {
+                jsonWriter.writeObjectSeparator();
+            }
+            jsonWriter.writeMemberName(marcField.getTag());
+            jsonWriter.writeMemberSeparator();
+            if (marcField.isControl()) {
+                jsonWriter.writeArrayOpen();
+                jsonWriter.writeString(marcField.getValue());
+                jsonWriter.writeArrayClose();
+            } else {
+                jsonWriter.writeObjectOpen();
+                jsonWriter.writeMemberName(marcField.getIndicator().replace(' ', '_'));
+                jsonWriter.writeMemberSeparator();
+                jsonWriter.writeArrayOpen();
+                boolean subfieldseparator = false;
+                for (MarcField.Subfield subfield : marcField.getSubfields()) {
+                    if (subfieldseparator) {
+                        jsonWriter.writeObjectSeparator();
+                    }
+                    jsonWriter.writeObjectOpen();
+                    jsonWriter.writeMemberName(subfield.getId());
+                    jsonWriter.writeMemberSeparator();
+                    jsonWriter.writeString(subfield.getValue());
+                    jsonWriter.writeObjectClose();
+                    subfieldseparator = true;
+                }
+                jsonWriter.writeArrayClose();
+                jsonWriter.writeObjectClose();
+            }
+            fieldseparator = true;
+        }
+        jsonWriter.writeObjectClose();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write MARC record from underlying map as key-oriented JSON.
+     * @param marcRecord the MARC record
+     * @throws IOException if writing fails
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private void writeUnderlyingMap(MarcRecord marcRecord) throws IOException {
+        if (marcRecord.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (top) {
+            top = false;
+            if (style.contains(Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK)) {
+                writeMetaDataLine(marcRecord);
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (style.contains(Style.ARRAY)) {
+                writer.write(",");
+            } else if (style.contains(Style.LINES)) {
+                writer.write("\n");
+            } else if (style.contains(Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK)) {
+                writer.write("\n");
+                writeMetaDataLine(marcRecord);
+            }
+        }
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
         sb.append("{");
         int c0 = 0;
         for (Map.Entry<String, Object> tags : marcRecord.entrySet()) {
@@ -452,6 +535,7 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
             c0++;
         }
         sb.append('}');
+        writer.write(sb.toString());
     }
 
     public Exception getException() {
@@ -462,13 +546,6 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
         writer.write(System.lineSeparator());
     }
 
-    private void handleException(IOException e) {
-        exception = e;
-        if (fatalErrors) {
-            throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
-        }
-    }
-
     @Override
     public void close() throws IOException {
         writer.close();
@@ -476,14 +553,6 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
 
     @Override
     public void flush() throws IOException {
-        if (sb.length() > 0) {
-            try {
-                writer.write(sb.toString());
-            } catch (IOException e) {
-                handleException(e);
-            }
-            sb.setLength(0);
-        }
         writer.flush();
     }
 
@@ -512,6 +581,7 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
         writer = new OutputStreamWriter(compress ?
                 new CompressedOutputStream(out, bufferSize) :
                 new BufferedOutputStream(out, bufferSize), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        jsonWriter = new JsonWriter(writer);
     }
 
     private void writeMetaDataLine(MarcRecord marcRecord) {
@@ -526,11 +596,22 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
         }
         id = object.toString();
         if (index != null && indexType != null && id != null) {
-            sb.append("{\"index\":{")
+            try {
-                    .append("\"_index\":\"").append(index).append("\",")
+                writer.write("{\"index\":{" +
-                    .append("\"_type\":\"").append(indexType).append("\",")
+                        "\"_index\":\"" + index + "\"," +
-                    .append("\"_id\":\"").append(id).append("\"}}")
+                        "\"_type\":\"" + indexType + "\"," +
-                    .append("\n");
+                        "\"_id\":\"" + id + "\"}}" +
+                        "\n");
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleException(IOException e) {
+        exception = e;
+        if (fatalErrors) {
+            throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
         }
     }
 
@@ -538,7 +619,7 @@ public class MarcJsonWriter extends MarcContentHandler implements Flushable, Clo
      *
      */
     public enum Style {
-        ARRAY, LINES, ELASTICSEARCH_BULK
+        ARRAY, LINES, ELASTICSEARCH_BULK, ALLOW_DUPLICATES
     }
 
     /**

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/ConcurrencyTest.java

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import org.xbib.marc.xml.MarcXchangeWriter;
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ public class ConcurrencyTest {
         File file = File.createTempFile(s + ".", ".jsonlines");
         file.deleteOnExit();
         FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
-        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter(out, MarcJsonWriter.Style.LINES)
+        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter(out, EnumSet.of(MarcJsonWriter.Style.LINES))
                 .setFormat(MarcXchangeConstants.MARCXCHANGE_FORMAT)
                 .setType(MarcXchangeConstants.BIBLIOGRAPHIC_TYPE)
         ) {

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/ZDBTest.java

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.text.Normalizer;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
 
 /**
  *
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ public class ZDBTest {
         OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
         MarcValueTransformers marcValueTransformers = new MarcValueTransformers();
         marcValueTransformers.setMarcValueTransformer(value -> Normalizer.normalize(value, Normalizer.Form.NFC));
-        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter(out, MarcJsonWriter.Style.LINES)
+        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter(out, EnumSet.of(MarcJsonWriter.Style.LINES))
                 .setFormat(MarcXchangeConstants.MARCXCHANGE_FORMAT)
                 .setType(MarcXchangeConstants.BIBLIOGRAPHIC_TYPE)
                 .setMarcValueTransformers(marcValueTransformers)) {

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/dialects/mab/MabXmlTest.java

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import java.io.File;
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
 
 /**
  *
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ public class MabXmlTest {
         ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
         try (InputStream in = getClass().getResourceAsStream(s);
              MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter(out,
-                     10, MarcJsonWriter.Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK)
+                     10, EnumSet.of(MarcJsonWriter.Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK))
                 .setIndex("testindex", "testtype")) {
             MarcContentHandler contentHandler = new MabXMLContentHandler()
                     .addNamespace("http://www.ddb.de/professionell/mabxml/mabxml-1.xsd")

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonArrayTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class JsonArrayTest extends TestUtil {
+
+    private JsonArray array;
+
+    private static JsonArray array(String... values) {
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (String value : values) {
+            array.add(value);
+        }
+        return array;
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        array = new JsonArray();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void copyConstructorfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> new JsonArray(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void copyConstructorhasSameValues() {
+        array.add(23);
+        JsonArray copy = new JsonArray(array);
+        assertEquals(array.values(), copy.values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void copyConstructorworksOnSafeCopy() {
+        JsonArray copy = new JsonArray(array);
+        array.add(23);
+        assertTrue(copy.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isEmptyisTrueAfterCreation() {
+        assertTrue(array.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isEmptyisFalseAfterAdd() {
+        array.add(true);
+
+        assertFalse(array.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sizeisZeroAfterCreation() {
+        assertEquals(0, array.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sizeisOneAfterAdd() {
+        array.add(true);
+        assertEquals(1, array.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void iteratorisEmptyAfterCreation() {
+        assertFalse(array.iterator().hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void iteratorhasNextAfterAdd() {
+        array.add(true);
+        Iterator<JsonValue> iterator = array.iterator();
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertEquals(JsonLiteral.TRUE, iterator.next());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = UnsupportedOperationException.class)
+    public void iteratordoesNotAllowModification() {
+        array.add(23);
+        Iterator<JsonValue> iterator = array.iterator();
+        iterator.next();
+        iterator.remove();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = ConcurrentModificationException.class)
+    public void iteratordetectsConcurrentModification() {
+        Iterator<JsonValue> iterator = array.iterator();
+        array.add(23);
+        iterator.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valuesisEmptyAfterCreation() {
+        assertTrue(array.values().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valuescontainsValueAfterAdd() {
+        array.add(true);
+        assertEquals(1, array.values().size());
+        assertEquals(JsonLiteral.TRUE, array.values().get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valuesReflectsChanges() {
+        List<JsonValue> values = array.values();
+        array.add(true);
+        assertEquals(array.values(), values);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valuesPreventsModification() {
+        List<JsonValue> values = array.values();
+        values.add(JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getreturnsValue() {
+        array.add(23);
+        JsonValue value = array.get(0);
+        assertEquals(Json.of(23), value);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IndexOutOfBoundsException.class)
+    public void getfailsWithInvalidIndex() {
+        array.get(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addint() {
+        array.add(23);
+        assertEquals("[23]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addintenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(array, array.add(23));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addlong() {
+        array.add(23L);
+        assertEquals("[23]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addlongenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(array, array.add(23L));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addfloat() {
+        array.add(3.14f);
+        assertEquals("[3.14]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addfloatenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(array, array.add(3.14f));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void adddouble() {
+        array.add(3.14d);
+        assertEquals("[3.14]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void adddoubleenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(array, array.add(3.14d));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addboolean() {
+        array.add(true);
+        assertEquals("[true]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addbooleanenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(array, array.add(true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addstring() {
+        array.add("foo");
+        assertEquals("[\"foo\"]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addstringenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(array, array.add("foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addstringtoleratesNull() {
+        array.add((String) null);
+        assertEquals("[null]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonNull() {
+        array.add(JsonLiteral.NULL);
+        assertEquals("[null]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonArray() {
+        array.add(new JsonArray());
+        assertEquals("[[]]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonObject() {
+        array.add(new JsonObject());
+        assertEquals("[{}]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(array, array.add(JsonLiteral.NULL));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> array.add((JsonValue) null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonnestedArray() {
+        JsonArray innerArray = new JsonArray();
+        innerArray.add(23);
+        array.add(innerArray);
+        assertEquals("[[23]]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonnestedArraymodifiedAfterAdd() {
+        JsonArray innerArray = new JsonArray();
+        array.add(innerArray);
+        innerArray.add(23);
+        assertEquals("[[23]]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonnestedObject() {
+        JsonObject innerObject = new JsonObject();
+        innerObject.add("a", 23);
+        array.add(innerObject);
+        assertEquals("[{\"a\":23}]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonnestedObjectmodifiedAfterAdd() {
+        JsonObject innerObject = new JsonObject();
+        array.add(innerObject);
+        innerObject.add("a", 23);
+        assertEquals("[{\"a\":23}]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setint() {
+        array.add(false);
+        array.set(0, 23);
+        assertEquals("[23]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setintenablesChaining() {
+        array.add(false);
+        assertSame(array, array.set(0, 23));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setlong() {
+        array.add(false);
+        array.set(0, 23L);
+        assertEquals("[23]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setlongenablesChaining() {
+        array.add(false);
+        assertSame(array, array.set(0, 23L));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setfloat() {
+        array.add(false);
+        array.set(0, 3.14f);
+        assertEquals("[3.14]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setfloatenablesChaining() {
+        array.add(false);
+        assertSame(array, array.set(0, 3.14f));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setdouble() {
+        array.add(false);
+        array.set(0, 3.14d);
+        assertEquals("[3.14]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setdoubleenablesChaining() {
+        array.add(false);
+        assertSame(array, array.set(0, 3.14d));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setboolean() {
+        array.add(false);
+        array.set(0, true);
+        assertEquals("[true]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setbooleanenablesChaining() {
+        array.add(false);
+        assertSame(array, array.set(0, true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setstring() {
+        array.add(false);
+        array.set(0, "foo");
+        assertEquals("[\"foo\"]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setstringenablesChaining() {
+        array.add(false);
+        assertSame(array, array.set(0, "foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setjsonNull() {
+        array.add(false);
+        array.set(0, JsonLiteral.NULL);
+        assertEquals("[null]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setjsonArray() {
+        array.add(false);
+        array.set(0, new JsonArray());
+        assertEquals("[[]]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setjsonObject() {
+        array.add(false);
+        array.set(0, new JsonObject());
+        assertEquals("[{}]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setJsonFailsWithNull() {
+        array.add(false);
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> array.set(0, (JsonValue) null));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IndexOutOfBoundsException.class)
+    public void setjsonfailsWithInvalidIndex() {
+        array.set(0, JsonLiteral.NULL);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setjsonenablesChaining() {
+        array.add(false);
+        assertSame(array, array.set(0, JsonLiteral.NULL));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setjsonreplacesDifferntArrayElements() {
+        array.add(3).add(6).add(9);
+        array.set(1, 4).set(2, 5);
+        assertEquals("[3,4,5]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IndexOutOfBoundsException.class)
+    public void removefailsWithInvalidIndex() {
+        array.remove(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void removeremovesElement() {
+        array.add(23);
+        array.remove(0);
+        assertEquals("[]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void removekeepsOtherElements() {
+        array.add("a").add("b").add("c");
+        array.remove(1);
+        assertEquals("[\"a\",\"c\"]", array.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeempty() throws IOException {
+        JsonWriter writer = mock(JsonWriter.class);
+        array.write(writer);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(writer);
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeArrayOpen();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeArrayClose();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writewithSingleValue() throws IOException {
+        JsonWriter writer = mock(JsonWriter.class);
+        array.add(23);
+        array.write(writer);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(writer);
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeArrayOpen();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeNumber("23");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeArrayClose();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writewithMultipleValues() throws IOException {
+        JsonWriter writer = mock(JsonWriter.class);
+        array.add(23).add("foo").add(false);
+        array.write(writer);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(writer);
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeArrayOpen();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeNumber("23");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeArraySeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeString("foo");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeArraySeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeLiteral("false");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeArrayClose();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isArray() {
+        assertTrue(array.isArray());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void asArray() {
+        assertSame(array, array.asArray());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalstrueForEqualArrays() {
+        assertEquals(array(), array());
+        assertEquals(array("foo", "bar"), array("foo", "bar"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalsfalseForDifferentArrays() {
+        assertNotEquals(array("foo", "bar"), array("foo", "bar", "baz"));
+        assertNotEquals(array("foo", "bar"), array("bar", "foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalsfalseForNull() {
+        assertNotEquals(null, array);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalsfalseForSubclass() {
+        assertNotEquals(array, new JsonArray(array) {
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashCodeequalsForEqualArrays() {
+        assertEquals(array().hashCode(), array().hashCode());
+        assertEquals(array("foo").hashCode(), array("foo").hashCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashCodediffersForDifferentArrays() {
+        assertNotEquals(array().hashCode(), array("bar").hashCode());
+        assertNotEquals(array("foo").hashCode(), array("bar").hashCode());
+    }
+}

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonLiteralTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
+import static org.xbib.marc.json.JsonLiteral.FALSE;
+import static org.xbib.marc.json.JsonLiteral.NULL;
+import static org.xbib.marc.json.JsonLiteral.TRUE;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class JsonLiteralTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void isNull() {
+        assertTrue(NULL.isNull());
+        assertFalse(TRUE.isNull());
+        assertFalse(FALSE.isNull());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isTrue() {
+        assertTrue(TRUE.isTrue());
+        assertFalse(NULL.isTrue());
+        assertFalse(FALSE.isTrue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isFalse() {
+        assertTrue(FALSE.isFalse());
+        assertFalse(NULL.isFalse());
+        assertFalse(TRUE.isFalse());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isBoolean() {
+        assertTrue(TRUE.isBoolean());
+        assertTrue(FALSE.isBoolean());
+        assertFalse(NULL.isBoolean());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void nullwrite() throws IOException {
+        JsonWriter writer = mock(JsonWriter.class);
+        NULL.write(writer);
+        verify(writer).writeLiteral("null");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(writer);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void truewrite() throws IOException {
+        JsonWriter writer = mock(JsonWriter.class);
+        TRUE.write(writer);
+        verify(writer).writeLiteral("true");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(writer);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void falsewrite() throws IOException {
+        JsonWriter writer = mock(JsonWriter.class);
+        FALSE.write(writer);
+        verify(writer).writeLiteral("false");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(writer);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void nulltoString() {
+        assertEquals("null", NULL.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void truetoString() {
+        assertEquals("true", TRUE.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void falsetoString() {
+        assertEquals("false", FALSE.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void nullequals() {
+        assertEquals(NULL, NULL);
+        assertNotEquals(null, NULL);
+        assertNotEquals(NULL, TRUE);
+        assertNotEquals(NULL, FALSE);
+        assertNotEquals(NULL, Json.of("null"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void trueequals() {
+        assertEquals(TRUE, TRUE);
+        assertNotEquals(null, TRUE);
+        assertNotEquals(TRUE, FALSE);
+        assertNotEquals(TRUE, Boolean.TRUE);
+        assertNotEquals(NULL, Json.of("true"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void falseequals() {
+        assertEquals(FALSE, FALSE);
+        assertNotEquals(null, FALSE);
+        assertNotEquals(FALSE, TRUE);
+        assertNotEquals(FALSE, Boolean.FALSE);
+        assertNotEquals(NULL, Json.of("false"));
+    }
+
+}

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonMapperTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ */
+public class JsonMapperTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void mapperMapTest() throws IOException {
+        String json = "{\"Hello\":\"World\"}";
+        JsonValue jsonValue = Json.parse(json);
+        Object object = JsonMapper.asObject(jsonValue);
+        assertEquals("{Hello=World}", Objects.requireNonNull(object).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mapperNumericMapTest() throws IOException {
+        String json = "{\"Hello\":123}";
+        JsonValue jsonValue = Json.parse(json);
+        Object object = JsonMapper.asObject(jsonValue);
+        assertEquals("{Hello=123}", Objects.requireNonNull(object).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mapperArrayTest() throws IOException {
+        String json = "[\"Hello\",\"World\"]";
+        JsonValue jsonValue = Json.parse(json);
+        Object object = JsonMapper.asObject(jsonValue);
+        assertEquals("[Hello, World]", Objects.requireNonNull(object).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mapperBooleanAndNullArrayTest() throws IOException {
+        String json = "[true, false, null]";
+        JsonValue jsonValue = Json.parse(json);
+        Object object = JsonMapper.asObject(jsonValue);
+        assertEquals("[true, false, null]", Objects.requireNonNull(object).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mapperFloatArrayTest() throws IOException {
+        String json = "[1.23, 4.56]";
+        JsonValue jsonValue = Json.parse(json);
+        Object object = JsonMapper.asObject(jsonValue);
+        assertEquals("[1.23, 4.56]", Objects.requireNonNull(object).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mapperIntArrayTest() throws IOException {
+        String json = "[123, 456]";
+        JsonValue jsonValue = Json.parse(json);
+        Object object = JsonMapper.asObject(jsonValue);
+        assertEquals("[123, 456]", Objects.requireNonNull(object).toString());
+    }
+}

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonNumberTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class JsonNumberTest extends TestUtil {
+
+    private StringWriter output;
+    private JsonWriter writer;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        output = new StringWriter();
+        writer = new JsonWriter(output);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void constructorfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> new JsonNumber(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void write() throws IOException {
+        new JsonNumber("23").write(writer);
+        assertEquals("23", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void toStringreturnsInputString() {
+        assertEquals("foo", new JsonNumber("foo").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isInt() {
+        assertTrue(new JsonNumber("23").isInt());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void asInt() {
+        assertEquals(23, new JsonNumber("23").asInt());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NumberFormatException.class)
+    public void asIntfailsWithExceedingValues() {
+        new JsonNumber("10000000000").asInt();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NumberFormatException.class)
+    public void asIntfailsWithExponent() {
+        new JsonNumber("1e5").asInt();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NumberFormatException.class)
+    public void asIntfailsWithFractional() {
+        new JsonNumber("23.5").asInt();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void asLong() {
+        assertEquals(23L, new JsonNumber("23").asLong());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NumberFormatException.class)
+    public void asLongfailsWithExceedingValues() {
+        new JsonNumber("10000000000000000000").asLong();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NumberFormatException.class)
+    public void asLongfailsWithExponent() {
+        new JsonNumber("1e5").asLong();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NumberFormatException.class)
+    public void asLongfailsWithFractional() {
+        new JsonNumber("23.5").asLong();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void asFloat() {
+        assertEquals(23.05f, new JsonNumber("23.05").asFloat(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void asFloatreturnsInfinityForExceedingValues() {
+        assertEquals(Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY, new JsonNumber("1e50").asFloat(), 0);
+        assertEquals(Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, new JsonNumber("-1e50").asFloat(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void asDouble() {
+        double result = new JsonNumber("23.05").asDouble();
+        assertEquals(23.05, result, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void asDoublereturnsInfinityForExceedingValues() {
+        assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, new JsonNumber("1e500").asDouble(), 0);
+        assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, new JsonNumber("-1e500").asDouble(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalstrueForSameInstance() {
+        JsonNumber number = new JsonNumber("23");
+        assertEquals(number, number);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalstrueForEqualNumberStrings() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("23"), new JsonNumber("23"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalsfalseForDifferentNumberStrings() {
+        assertNotEquals(new JsonNumber("23"), new JsonNumber("42"));
+        assertNotEquals(new JsonNumber("1e+5"), new JsonNumber("1e5"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalsfalseForNull() {
+        assertNotEquals(null, new JsonNumber("23"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalsfalseForSubclass() {
+        assertNotEquals(new JsonNumber("23"), new JsonNumber("23") {
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashCodeequalsForEqualStrings() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("23").hashCode(), new JsonNumber("23").hashCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashCodediffersForDifferentStrings() {
+        assertNotEquals(new JsonNumber("23").hashCode(), new JsonNumber("42").hashCode());
+    }
+}

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonObjectTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,952 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class JsonObjectTest extends TestUtil {
+
+    private JsonObject object;
+
+    private static JsonObject object(String... namesAndValues) {
+        JsonObject object = new JsonObject();
+        for (int i = 0; i < namesAndValues.length; i += 2) {
+            object.add(namesAndValues[i], namesAndValues[i + 1]);
+        }
+        return object;
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        object = new JsonObject();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void copyConstructorfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> new JsonObject(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void copyConstructorhasSameValues() {
+        object.add("foo", 23);
+        JsonObject copy = new JsonObject(object);
+
+        assertEquals(object.names(), copy.names());
+        assertSame(object.get("foo"), copy.get("foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void copyConstructorworksOnSafeCopy() {
+        JsonObject copy = new JsonObject(object);
+        object.add("foo", 23);
+
+        assertTrue(copy.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isEmptytrueAfterCreation() {
+        assertTrue(object.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isEmptyfalseAfterAdd() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+
+        assertFalse(object.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sizezeroAfterCreation() {
+        assertEquals(0, object.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sizeoneAfterAdd() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+
+        assertEquals(1, object.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void keyRepetitionallowsMultipleEntries() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+        object.add("a", "value");
+
+        assertEquals(2, object.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void keyRepetitiongetsLastEntry() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+        object.add("a", "value");
+
+        assertEquals("value", object.getString("a", "missing"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void keyRepetitionequalityConsidersRepetitions() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+        object.add("a", "value");
+
+        JsonObject onlyFirstProperty = new JsonObject();
+        onlyFirstProperty.add("a", true);
+        assertNotEquals(onlyFirstProperty, object);
+
+        JsonObject bothProperties = new JsonObject();
+        bothProperties.add("a", true);
+        bothProperties.add("a", "value");
+        assertEquals(bothProperties, object);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void namesemptyAfterCreation() {
+        assertTrue(object.names().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void namescontainsNameAfterAdd() {
+        object.add("foo", true);
+
+        List<String> names = object.names();
+        assertEquals(1, names.size());
+        assertEquals("foo", names.get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void namesreflectsChanges() {
+        List<String> names = object.names();
+
+        object.add("foo", true);
+
+        assertEquals(1, names.size());
+        assertEquals("foo", names.get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = UnsupportedOperationException.class)
+    public void namespreventsModification() {
+        List<String> names = object.names();
+
+        names.add("foo");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void iteratorisEmptyAfterCreation() {
+        assertFalse(object.iterator().hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void iteratorhasNextAfterAdd() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+        Iterator<JsonObject.Member> iterator = object.iterator();
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void iteratornextReturnsActualValue() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+        Iterator<JsonObject.Member> iterator = object.iterator();
+        assertEquals(new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE), iterator.next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void iteratornextProgressesToNextValue() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+        object.add("b", false);
+        Iterator<JsonObject.Member> iterator = object.iterator();
+        iterator.next();
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertEquals(new JsonObject.Member("b", JsonLiteral.FALSE), iterator.next());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void iteratornextFailsAtEnd() {
+        Iterator<JsonObject.Member> iterator = object.iterator();
+        iterator.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = UnsupportedOperationException.class)
+    public void iteratordoesNotAllowModification() {
+        object.add("a", 23);
+        Iterator<JsonObject.Member> iterator = object.iterator();
+        iterator.next();
+        iterator.remove();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = ConcurrentModificationException.class)
+    public void iteratordetectsConcurrentModification() {
+        Iterator<JsonObject.Member> iterator = object.iterator();
+        object.add("a", 23);
+        iterator.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getfailsWithNullName() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> object.get(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getreturnsNullForNonExistingMember() {
+        assertNull(object.get("foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getreturnsValueForName() {
+        object.add("foo", true);
+        assertEquals(JsonLiteral.TRUE, object.get("foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getreturnsLastValueForName() {
+        object.add("foo", false).add("foo", true);
+        assertEquals(JsonLiteral.TRUE, object.get("foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getintreturnsValueFromMember() {
+        object.add("foo", 23);
+
+        assertEquals(23, object.getInt("foo", 42));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getintreturnsDefaultForMissingMember() {
+        assertEquals(23, object.getInt("foo", 23));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getlongreturnsValueFromMember() {
+        object.add("foo", 23L);
+
+        assertEquals(23L, object.getLong("foo", 42L));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getlongreturnsDefaultForMissingMember() {
+        assertEquals(23L, object.getLong("foo", 23L));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getfloatreturnsValueFromMember() {
+        object.add("foo", 3.14f);
+
+        assertEquals(3.14f, object.getFloat("foo", 1.41f), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getfloatreturnsDefaultForMissingMember() {
+        assertEquals(3.14f, object.getFloat("foo", 3.14f), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getdoublereturnsValueFromMember() {
+        object.add("foo", 3.14);
+
+        assertEquals(3.14, object.getDouble("foo", 1.41), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getdoublereturnsDefaultForMissingMember() {
+        assertEquals(3.14, object.getDouble("foo", 3.14), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getbooleanreturnsValueFromMember() {
+        object.add("foo", true);
+
+        assertTrue(object.getBoolean("foo", false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getbooleanreturnsDefaultForMissingMember() {
+        assertFalse(object.getBoolean("foo", false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getstringreturnsValueFromMember() {
+        object.add("foo", "bar");
+
+        assertEquals("bar", object.getString("foo", "default"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getstringreturnsDefaultForMissingMember() {
+        assertEquals("default", object.getString("foo", "default"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addfailsWithNullName() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, "name is null", (Runnable) () -> object.add(null, 23));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addint() {
+        object.add("a", 23);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":23}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addintenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.add("a", 23));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addlong() {
+        object.add("a", 23L);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":23}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addlongenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.add("a", 23L));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addfloat() {
+        object.add("a", 3.14f);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":3.14}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addfloatenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.add("a", 3.14f));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void adddouble() {
+        object.add("a", 3.14d);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":3.14}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void adddoubleenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.add("a", 3.14d));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addboolean() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":true}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addbooleanenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.add("a", true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addstring() {
+        object.add("a", "foo");
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":\"foo\"}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addstringtoleratesNull() {
+        object.add("a", (String) null);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":null}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addstringenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.add("a", "foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonNull() {
+        object.add("a", JsonLiteral.NULL);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":null}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonArray() {
+        object.add("a", new JsonArray());
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":[]}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonObject() {
+        object.add("a", new JsonObject());
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":{}}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.add("a", JsonLiteral.NULL));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, "value is null", (Runnable) () -> object.add("a", (JsonValue) null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonnestedArray() {
+        JsonArray innerArray = new JsonArray();
+        innerArray.add(23);
+
+        object.add("a", innerArray);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":[23]}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonnestedArraymodifiedAfterAdd() {
+        JsonArray innerArray = new JsonArray();
+        object.add("a", innerArray);
+
+        innerArray.add(23);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":[23]}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonnestedObject() {
+        JsonObject innerObject = new JsonObject();
+        innerObject.add("a", 23);
+
+        object.add("a", innerObject);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":{\"a\":23}}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addjsonnestedObjectmodifiedAfterAdd() {
+        JsonObject innerObject = new JsonObject();
+        object.add("a", innerObject);
+
+        innerObject.add("a", 23);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":{\"a\":23}}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setint() {
+        object.set("a", 23);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":23}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setintenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.set("a", 23));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setlong() {
+        object.set("a", 23L);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":23}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setlongenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.set("a", 23L));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setfloat() {
+        object.set("a", 3.14f);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":3.14}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setfloatenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.set("a", 3.14f));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setdouble() {
+        object.set("a", 3.14d);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":3.14}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setdoubleenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.set("a", 3.14d));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setboolean() {
+        object.set("a", true);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":true}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setbooleanenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.set("a", true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setstring() {
+        object.set("a", "foo");
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":\"foo\"}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setstringenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.set("a", "foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setjsonNull() {
+        object.set("a", JsonLiteral.NULL);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":null}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setjsonArray() {
+        object.set("a", new JsonArray());
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":[]}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setjsonObject() {
+        object.set("a", new JsonObject());
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":{}}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setjsonenablesChaining() {
+        assertSame(object, object.set("a", JsonLiteral.NULL));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setaddsElementIfMissing() {
+        object.set("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":true}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setmodifiesElementIfExisting() {
+        object.add("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+
+        object.set("a", JsonLiteral.FALSE);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":false}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setmodifiesLastElementIfMultipleExisting() {
+        object.add("a", 1);
+        object.add("a", 2);
+
+        object.set("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":1,\"a\":true}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void removefailsWithNullName() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> object.remove(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void removeremovesMatchingMember() {
+        object.add("a", 23);
+
+        object.remove("a");
+
+        assertEquals("{}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void removeremovesOnlyMatchingMember() {
+        object.add("a", 23);
+        object.add("b", 42);
+        object.add("c", true);
+
+        object.remove("b");
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":23,\"c\":true}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void removeremovesOnlyLastMatchingMember() {
+        object.add("a", 23);
+        object.add("a", 42);
+
+        object.remove("a");
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":23}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void removeremovesOnlyLastMatchingMemberafterRemove() {
+        object.add("a", 23);
+        object.remove("a");
+        object.add("a", 42);
+        object.add("a", 47);
+
+        object.remove("a");
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":42}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void removedoesNotModifyObjectWithoutMatchingMember() {
+        object.add("a", 23);
+
+        object.remove("b");
+
+        assertEquals("{\"a\":23}", object.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mergefailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> object.merge(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mergeappendsMembers() {
+        object.add("a", 1).add("b", 1);
+        object.merge(Json.object().add("c", 2).add("d", 2));
+
+        assertEquals(Json.object().add("a", 1).add("b", 1).add("c", 2).add("d", 2), object);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mergereplacesMembers() {
+        object.add("a", 1).add("b", 1).add("c", 1);
+        object.merge(Json.object().add("b", 2).add("d", 2));
+
+        assertEquals(Json.object().add("a", 1).add("b", 2).add("c", 1).add("d", 2), object);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeempty() throws IOException {
+        JsonWriter writer = mock(JsonWriter.class);
+        object.write(writer);
+
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(writer);
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeObjectOpen();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeObjectClose();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writewithSingleValue() throws IOException {
+        JsonWriter writer = mock(JsonWriter.class);
+        object.add("a", 23);
+
+        object.write(writer);
+
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(writer);
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeObjectOpen();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberName("a");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberSeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeNumber("23");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeObjectClose();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writewithMultipleValues() throws IOException {
+        JsonWriter writer = mock(JsonWriter.class);
+        object.add("a", 23);
+        object.add("b", 3.14f);
+        object.add("c", "foo");
+        object.add("d", true);
+        object.add("e", (String) null);
+
+        object.write(writer);
+
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(writer);
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeObjectOpen();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberName("a");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberSeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeNumber("23");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeObjectSeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberName("b");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberSeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeNumber("3.14");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeObjectSeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberName("c");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberSeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeString("foo");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeObjectSeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberName("d");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberSeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeLiteral("true");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeObjectSeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberName("e");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeMemberSeparator();
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeLiteral("null");
+        inOrder.verify(writer).writeObjectClose();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isObject() {
+        assertTrue(object.isObject());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void asObject() {
+        assertSame(object, object.asObject());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalstrueForSameInstance() {
+        assertEquals(object, object);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalstrueForEqualObjects() {
+        assertEquals(object(), object());
+        assertEquals(object("a", "1", "b", "2"), object("a", "1", "b", "2"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalsfalseForDifferentObjects() {
+        assertNotEquals(object("a", "1"), object("a", "2"));
+        assertNotEquals(object("a", "1"), object("b", "1"));
+        assertNotEquals(object("a", "1", "b", "2"), object("b", "2", "a", "1"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalsfalseForNull() {
+        assertNotEquals(null, new JsonObject());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalsfalseForSubclass() {
+        JsonObject jsonObject = new JsonObject();
+
+        assertNotEquals(jsonObject, new JsonObject(jsonObject) {
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashCodeequalsForEqualObjects() {
+        assertEquals(object().hashCode(), object().hashCode());
+        assertEquals(object("a", "1").hashCode(), object("a", "1").hashCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashCodediffersForDifferentObjects() {
+        assertNotEquals(object().hashCode(), object("a", "1").hashCode());
+        assertNotEquals(object("a", "1").hashCode(), object("a", "2").hashCode());
+        assertNotEquals(object("a", "1").hashCode(), object("b", "1").hashCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void indexOfreturnsNoIndexIfEmpty() {
+        assertEquals(-1, object.indexOf("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void indexOfreturnsIndexOfMember() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+
+        assertEquals(0, object.indexOf("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void indexOfreturnsIndexOfLastMember() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+        object.add("a", true);
+
+        assertEquals(1, object.indexOf("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void indexOfreturnsIndexOfLastMemberafterRemove() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+        object.add("a", true);
+        object.remove("a");
+
+        assertEquals(0, object.indexOf("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void indexOfreturnsUpdatedIndexAfterRemove() {
+        // See issue #16
+        object.add("a", true);
+        object.add("b", true);
+        object.remove("a");
+
+        assertEquals(0, object.indexOf("b"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void indexOfreturnsIndexOfLastMemberforBigObject() {
+        object.add("a", true);
+        // for indexes above 255, the hash index table does not return a value
+        for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+            object.add("x-" + i, 0);
+        }
+        object.add("a", true);
+
+        assertEquals(257, object.indexOf("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashIndexTablecopyConstructor() {
+        JsonObject.HashIndexTable original = new JsonObject.HashIndexTable();
+        original.add("name", 23);
+        JsonObject.HashIndexTable copy = new JsonObject.HashIndexTable(original);
+        assertEquals(23, copy.get("name"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashIndexTableadd() {
+        JsonObject.HashIndexTable indexTable = new JsonObject.HashIndexTable();
+
+        indexTable.add("name-0", 0);
+        indexTable.add("name-1", 1);
+        indexTable.add("name-fe", 0xfe);
+        indexTable.add("name-ff", 0xff);
+
+        assertEquals(0, indexTable.get("name-0"));
+        assertEquals(1, indexTable.get("name-1"));
+        assertEquals(0xfe, indexTable.get("name-fe"));
+        assertEquals(-1, indexTable.get("name-ff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashIndexTableaddoverwritesPreviousValue() {
+        JsonObject.HashIndexTable indexTable = new JsonObject.HashIndexTable();
+        indexTable.add("name", 23);
+        indexTable.add("name", 42);
+        assertEquals(42, indexTable.get("name"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashIndexTableaddclearsPreviousValueIfIndexExceeds0xff() {
+        JsonObject.HashIndexTable indexTable = new JsonObject.HashIndexTable();
+        indexTable.add("name", 23);
+        indexTable.add("name", 300);
+        assertEquals(-1, indexTable.get("name"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashIndexTableremove() {
+        JsonObject.HashIndexTable indexTable = new JsonObject.HashIndexTable();
+        indexTable.add("name", 23);
+        indexTable.remove(23);
+        assertEquals(-1, indexTable.get("name"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashIndexTableremoveupdatesSubsequentElements() {
+        JsonObject.HashIndexTable indexTable = new JsonObject.HashIndexTable();
+        indexTable.add("foo", 23);
+        indexTable.add("bar", 42);
+        indexTable.remove(23);
+        assertEquals(41, indexTable.get("bar"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashIndexTableremovedoesNotChangePrecedingElements() {
+        JsonObject.HashIndexTable indexTable = new JsonObject.HashIndexTable();
+        indexTable.add("foo", 23);
+        indexTable.add("bar", 42);
+        indexTable.remove(42);
+        assertEquals(23, indexTable.get("foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void memberreturnsNameAndValue() {
+        JsonObject.Member member = new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+        assertEquals("a", member.getName());
+        assertEquals(JsonLiteral.TRUE, member.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void memberequalstrueForSameInstance() {
+        JsonObject.Member member = new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+        assertEquals(member, member);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void memberequalstrueForEqualObjects() {
+        JsonObject.Member member = new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+        assertEquals(member, new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void memberequalsfalseForDifferingObjects() {
+        JsonObject.Member member = new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+        assertNotEquals(member, new JsonObject.Member("b", JsonLiteral.TRUE));
+        assertNotEquals(member, new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.FALSE));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void memberequalsfalseForNull() {
+        JsonObject.Member member = new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+        assertNotNull(member);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void memberequalsfalseForSubclass() {
+        JsonObject.Member member = new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+        assertNotEquals(member, new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE) {
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void memberhashCodeequalsForEqualObjects() {
+        JsonObject.Member member = new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+        assertEquals(member.hashCode(), new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE).hashCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void memberhashCodediffersForDifferingobjects() {
+        JsonObject.Member member = new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.TRUE);
+        assertNotEquals(member.hashCode(), new JsonObject.Member("b", JsonLiteral.TRUE).hashCode());
+        assertNotEquals(member.hashCode(), new JsonObject.Member("a", JsonLiteral.FALSE).hashCode());
+    }
+
+}

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonReaderTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,810 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.core.StringStartsWith.startsWith;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.xbib.marc.json.Json.parse;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class JsonReaderTest extends TestUtil {
+
+    private static String join(String... strings) {
+        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+        for (String string : strings) {
+            builder.append(string).append('\n');
+        }
+        return builder.toString();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void constructorRejectsNullHandler() {
+        new JsonReader<>(null, null);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void parseStringrRjectsNull() throws IOException {
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(null), new TestHandler());
+        reader.parse();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void parseReaderRejectsNull() throws IOException {
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(null, new TestHandler());
+        reader.parse();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void parseReaderRejectsNegativeBufferSize() throws IOException {
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("[]"), new TestHandler());
+        reader.parse(-1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseStringRejectsEmpty() {
+        assertParseException(0, "Unexpected end of input", "");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseReaderRejectsEmpty() {
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(""), new TestHandler());
+        JsonException exception = assertException(JsonException.class, (RunnableEx) reader::parse);
+        assertThat(exception.getMessage(), startsWith("Unexpected end of input"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseNull() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("null"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startNull ",
+                "endNull "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseTrue() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("true"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startBoolean ",
+                "endBoolean true "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseFalse() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("false"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startBoolean ",
+                "endBoolean false "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseString() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("\"foo\""), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startString ",
+                "endString foo "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseStringEmpty() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("\"\""), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startString ",
+                "endString  "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseNumber() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("23"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startNumber ",
+                "endNumber 23 "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseNumberNegative() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("-23"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startNumber ",
+                "endNumber -23 "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsenumbernegativeexponent() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("-2.3e-12"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startNumber ",
+                "endNumber -2.3e-12 "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsearray() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("[23]"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startArray ",
+                "startArrayValue a1 ",
+                "startNumber ",
+                "endNumber 23 ",
+                "endArrayValue a1 ",
+                "endArray a1 "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsearrayempty() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("[]"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startArray ",
+                "endArray a1 "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseobject() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("{\"foo\": 23}"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startObject ",
+                "startObjectName o1 ",
+                "endObjectName o1 foo ",
+                "startObjectValue o1 foo ",
+                "startNumber ",
+                "endNumber 23 ",
+                "endObjectValue o1 foo ",
+                "endObject o1 "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseobjectempty() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("{}"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join("startObject ",
+                "endObject o1 "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsestripsPadding() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray(), parse(" [ ] "));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseignoresAllWhiteSpace() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray(), parse("\t\r\n [\t\r\n ]\t\r\n "));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsefailsWithUnterminatedString() {
+        assertParseException(5, "Unexpected end of input", "[\"foo");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsehandlesInputsThatExceedBufferSize() throws IOException {
+        String input = "[ 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47 ]";
+        JsonDefaultHandler defHandler = new JsonDefaultHandler();
+        JsonReader<JsonArray, JsonObject> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(input), defHandler);
+        reader.parse(3);
+        assertEquals("[2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47]", defHandler.getValue().toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsehandlesStringsThatExceedBufferSize() throws IOException {
+        String input = "[ \"lorem ipsum dolor sit amet\" ]";
+        JsonDefaultHandler defHandler = new JsonDefaultHandler();
+        JsonReader<JsonArray, JsonObject> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(input), defHandler);
+        reader.parse(3);
+        assertEquals("[\"lorem ipsum dolor sit amet\"]", defHandler.getValue().toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsehandlesNumbersThatExceedBufferSize() throws IOException {
+        String input = "[ 3.141592653589 ]";
+        JsonDefaultHandler defHandler = new JsonDefaultHandler();
+        JsonReader<JsonArray, JsonObject> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(input), defHandler);
+        reader.parse(3);
+        assertEquals("[3.141592653589]", defHandler.getValue().toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsehandlesPositionsCorrectlyWhenInputExceedsBufferSize() {
+        final String input = "{\n  \"a\": 23,\n  \"b\": 42,\n}";
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(input), handler);
+        assertException(JsonException.class, (RunnableEx) () -> reader.parse(3));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsefailsOnTooDeeplyNestedArray() {
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1001; i++) {
+            array = new JsonArray().add(array);
+        }
+        final String input = array.toString();
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(input), handler);
+        JsonException exception = assertException(JsonException.class, (RunnableEx) reader::parse);
+        assertEquals("Nesting too deep", exception.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsefailsOnTooDeeplyNestedObject() {
+        JsonObject object = new JsonObject();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1001; i++) {
+            object = new JsonObject().add("foo", object);
+        }
+        final String input = object.toString();
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(input), handler);
+        JsonException exception = assertException(JsonException.class, (RunnableEx) reader::parse);
+        assertEquals("Nesting too deep", exception.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsefailsOnTooDeeplyNestedMixedObject() {
+        JsonValue value = new JsonObject();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1001; i++) {
+            value = i % 2 == 0 ? new JsonArray().add(value) : new JsonObject().add("foo", value);
+        }
+        final String input = value.toString();
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(input), handler);
+        JsonException exception = assertException(JsonException.class, (RunnableEx) reader::parse);
+        assertEquals("Nesting too deep", exception.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsedoesNotFailWithManyArrays() throws IOException {
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1001; i++) {
+            array.add(new JsonArray().add(7));
+        }
+        final String input = array.toString();
+        JsonValue result = parse(input);
+        assertTrue(result.isArray());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsedoesNotFailWithManyEmptyArrays() throws IOException {
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1001; i++) {
+            array.add(new JsonArray());
+        }
+        final String input = array.toString();
+        JsonValue result = parse(input);
+        assertTrue(result.isArray());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsedoesNotFailWithManyObjects() throws IOException {
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1001; i++) {
+            array.add(new JsonObject().add("a", 7));
+        }
+        final String input = array.toString();
+        JsonValue result = parse(input);
+        assertTrue(result.isArray());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsedoesNotFailWithManyEmptyObjects() throws IOException {
+        JsonArray array = new JsonArray();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1001; i++) {
+            array.add(new JsonObject());
+        }
+        final String input = array.toString();
+        JsonValue result = parse(input);
+        assertTrue(result.isArray());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parseCanBeCalledOnce() throws IOException {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("[23]"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join(
+                "startArray ",
+                "startArrayValue a1 ",
+                "startNumber ",
+                "endNumber 23 ",
+                "endArrayValue a1 ",
+                "endArray a1 "),
+                handler.getLog());
+        handler = new TestHandler();
+        reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader("[42]"), handler);
+        reader.parse();
+        assertEquals(join(
+                "startArray ",
+                "startArrayValue a1 ",
+                "startNumber ",
+                "endNumber 42 ",
+                "endArrayValue a1 ",
+                "endArray a1 "),
+                handler.getLog());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraysempty() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("[]", parse("[]").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arrayssingleValue() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("[23]", parse("[23]").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraysmultipleValues() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("[23,42]", parse("[23,42]").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arrayswithWhitespaces() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("[23,42]", parse("[ 23 , 42 ]").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraysnested() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("[[23]]", parse("[[23]]").toString());
+        assertEquals("[[[]]]", parse("[[[]]]").toString());
+        assertEquals("[[23],42]", parse("[[23],42]").toString());
+        assertEquals("[[23],[42]]", parse("[[23],[42]]").toString());
+        assertEquals("[[23],[42]]", parse("[[23],[42]]").toString());
+        assertEquals("[{\"foo\":[23]},{\"bar\":[42]}]",
+                parse("[{\"foo\":[23]},{\"bar\":[42]}]").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraysillegalSyntax() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Expected value", "[,]");
+        assertParseException(4, "Expected ',' or ']'", "[23 42]");
+        assertParseException(4, "Expected value", "[23,]");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraysincomplete() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Unexpected end of input", "[");
+        assertParseException(2, "Unexpected end of input", "[ ");
+        assertParseException(3, "Unexpected end of input", "[23");
+        assertParseException(4, "Unexpected end of input", "[23 ");
+        assertParseException(4, "Unexpected end of input", "[23,");
+        assertParseException(5, "Unexpected end of input", "[23, ");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void objectsempty() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("{}", parse("{}").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void objectssingleValue() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("{\"foo\":23}", parse("{\"foo\":23}").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void objectsmultipleValues() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("{\"foo\":23,\"bar\":42}", parse("{\"foo\":23,\"bar\":42}").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void objectswhitespace() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("{\"foo\":23,\"bar\":42}", parse("{ \"foo\" : 23, \"bar\" : 42 }").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void objectsnested() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("{\"foo\":{}}", parse("{\"foo\":{}}").toString());
+        assertEquals("{\"foo\":{\"bar\":42}}", parse("{\"foo\":{\"bar\": 42}}").toString());
+        assertEquals("{\"foo\":{\"bar\":{\"baz\":42}}}",
+                parse("{\"foo\":{\"bar\": {\"baz\": 42}}}").toString());
+        assertEquals("{\"foo\":[{\"bar\":{\"baz\":[[42]]}}]}",
+                parse("{\"foo\":[{\"bar\": {\"baz\": [[42]]}}]}").toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void objectsillegalSyntax() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Expected name", "{,}");
+        assertParseException(1, "Expected name", "{:}");
+        assertParseException(1, "Expected name", "{23}");
+        assertParseException(4, "Expected ':'", "{\"a\"}");
+        assertParseException(5, "Expected ':'", "{\"a\" \"b\"}");
+        assertParseException(5, "Expected value", "{\"a\":}");
+        assertParseException(8, "Expected name", "{\"a\":23,}");
+        assertParseException(8, "Expected name", "{\"a\":23,42");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void objectsincomplete() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Unexpected end of input", "{");
+        assertParseException(2, "Unexpected end of input", "{ ");
+        assertParseException(2, "Unexpected end of input", "{\"");
+        assertParseException(4, "Unexpected end of input", "{\"a\"");
+        assertParseException(5, "Unexpected end of input", "{\"a\" ");
+        assertParseException(5, "Unexpected end of input", "{\"a\":");
+        assertParseException(6, "Unexpected end of input", "{\"a\": ");
+        assertParseException(7, "Unexpected end of input", "{\"a\":23");
+        assertParseException(8, "Unexpected end of input", "{\"a\":23 ");
+        assertParseException(8, "Unexpected end of input", "{\"a\":23,");
+        assertParseException(9, "Unexpected end of input", "{\"a\":23, ");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringsemptyStringisAccepted() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("", parse("\"\"").asString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringsasciiCharactersareAccepted() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals(" ", parse("\" \"").asString());
+        assertEquals("a", parse("\"a\"").asString());
+        assertEquals("foo", parse("\"foo\"").asString());
+        assertEquals("A2-D2", parse("\"A2-D2\"").asString());
+        assertEquals("\u007f", parse("\"\u007f\"").asString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringsnonAsciiCharactersareAccepted() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("Русский", parse("\"Русский\"").asString());
+        assertEquals("العربية", parse("\"العربية\"").asString());
+        assertEquals("日本語", parse("\"日本語\"").asString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringscontrolCharactersareRejected() {
+        // JSON string must not contain characters < 0x20
+        assertParseException(3, "Expected valid string character", "\"--\n--\"");
+        assertParseException(3, "Expected valid string character", "\"--\r\n--\"");
+        assertParseException(3, "Expected valid string character", "\"--\t--\"");
+        assertParseException(3, "Expected valid string character", "\"--\u0000--\"");
+        assertParseException(3, "Expected valid string character", "\"--\u001f--\"");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringsvalidEscapesareAccepted() throws IOException {
+        // valid escapes are \" \\ \/ \b \f \n \r \t and unicode escapes
+        assertEquals(" \" ", parse("\" \\\" \"").asString());
+        assertEquals(" \\ ", parse("\" \\\\ \"").asString());
+        assertEquals(" / ", parse("\" \\/ \"").asString());
+        assertEquals(" \u0008 ", parse("\" \\b \"").asString());
+        assertEquals(" \u000c ", parse("\" \\f \"").asString());
+        assertEquals(" \r ", parse("\" \\r \"").asString());
+        assertEquals(" \n ", parse("\" \\n \"").asString());
+        assertEquals(" \t ", parse("\" \\t \"").asString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringsescapeatStart() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("\\x", parse("\"\\\\x\"").asString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringsescapeatEnd() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("x\\", parse("\"x\\\\\"").asString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringsillegalEscapesareRejected() {
+        assertParseException(2, "Expected valid escape sequence", "\"\\a\"");
+        assertParseException(2, "Expected valid escape sequence", "\"\\x\"");
+        assertParseException(2, "Expected valid escape sequence", "\"\\000\"");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringsvalidUnicodeEscapesareAccepted() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals("\u0021", parse("\"\\u0021\"").asString());
+        assertEquals("\u4711", parse("\"\\u4711\"").asString());
+        assertEquals("\uffff", parse("\"\\uffff\"").asString());
+        assertEquals("\uabcdx", parse("\"\\uabcdx\"").asString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringsillegalUnicodeEscapesareRejected() {
+        assertParseException(3, "Expected hexadecimal digit", "\"\\u \"");
+        assertParseException(3, "Expected hexadecimal digit", "\"\\ux\"");
+        assertParseException(5, "Expected hexadecimal digit", "\"\\u20 \"");
+        assertParseException(6, "Expected hexadecimal digit", "\"\\u000x\"");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void stringsincompleteStringsareRejected() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Unexpected end of input", "\"");
+        assertParseException(4, "Unexpected end of input", "\"foo");
+        assertParseException(5, "Unexpected end of input", "\"foo\\");
+        assertParseException(6, "Unexpected end of input", "\"foo\\n");
+        assertParseException(6, "Unexpected end of input", "\"foo\\u");
+        assertParseException(7, "Unexpected end of input", "\"foo\\u0");
+        assertParseException(9, "Unexpected end of input", "\"foo\\u000");
+        assertParseException(10, "Unexpected end of input", "\"foo\\u0000");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void numbersinteger() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("0"), parse("0"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("-0"), parse("-0"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("1"), parse("1"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("-1"), parse("-1"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("23"), parse("23"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("-23"), parse("-23"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("1234567890"), parse("1234567890"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("123456789012345678901234567890"),
+                parse("123456789012345678901234567890"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void numbersminusZero() throws IOException {
+        // allowed by JSON, allowed by Java
+        JsonValue value = parse("-0");
+        assertEquals(0, value.asInt());
+        assertEquals(0L, value.asLong());
+        assertEquals(0f, value.asFloat(), 0);
+        assertEquals(0d, value.asDouble(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void numbersdecimal() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("0.23"), parse("0.23"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("-0.23"), parse("-0.23"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("1234567890.12345678901234567890"),
+                parse("1234567890.12345678901234567890"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void numberswithExponent() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("0.1e9"), parse("0.1e9"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("0.1e9"), parse("0.1e9"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("0.1E9"), parse("0.1E9"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("-0.23e9"), parse("-0.23e9"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("0.23e9"), parse("0.23e9"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("0.23e+9"), parse("0.23e+9"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonNumber("0.23e-9"), parse("0.23e-9"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void numberswithInvalidFormat() {
+        assertParseException(0, "Expected value", "+1");
+        assertParseException(0, "Expected value", ".1");
+        assertParseException(1, "Unexpected character", "02");
+        assertParseException(2, "Unexpected character", "-02");
+        assertParseException(1, "Expected digit", "-x");
+        assertParseException(2, "Expected digit", "1.x");
+        assertParseException(2, "Expected digit", "1ex");
+        assertParseException(3, "Unexpected character", "1e1x");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void numbersincomplete() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Unexpected end of input", "-");
+        assertParseException(2, "Unexpected end of input", "1.");
+        assertParseException(4, "Unexpected end of input", "1.0e");
+        assertParseException(5, "Unexpected end of input", "1.0e-");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void nullcomplete() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals(JsonLiteral.NULL, parse("null"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void nullincomplete() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Unexpected end of input", "n");
+        assertParseException(2, "Unexpected end of input", "nu");
+        assertParseException(3, "Unexpected end of input", "nul");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void nullwithIllegalCharacter() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Expected 'u'", "nx");
+        assertParseException(2, "Expected 'l'", "nux");
+        assertParseException(3, "Expected 'l'", "nulx");
+        assertParseException(4, "Unexpected character", "nullx");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void truecomplete() throws IOException {
+        assertSame(JsonLiteral.TRUE, parse("true"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void trueincomplete() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Unexpected end of input", "t");
+        assertParseException(2, "Unexpected end of input", "tr");
+        assertParseException(3, "Unexpected end of input", "tru");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void truewithIllegalCharacter() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Expected 'r'", "tx");
+        assertParseException(2, "Expected 'u'", "trx");
+        assertParseException(3, "Expected 'e'", "trux");
+        assertParseException(4, "Unexpected character", "truex");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void falsecomplete() throws IOException {
+        assertSame(JsonLiteral.FALSE, parse("false"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void falseincomplete() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Unexpected end of input", "f");
+        assertParseException(2, "Unexpected end of input", "fa");
+        assertParseException(3, "Unexpected end of input", "fal");
+        assertParseException(4, "Unexpected end of input", "fals");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void falsewithIllegalCharacter() {
+        assertParseException(1, "Expected 'a'", "fx");
+        assertParseException(2, "Expected 'l'", "fax");
+        assertParseException(3, "Expected 's'", "falx");
+        assertParseException(4, "Expected 'e'", "falsx");
+        assertParseException(5, "Unexpected character", "falsex");
+    }
+
+    private void assertParseException(int offset, String message, final String json) {
+        TestHandler handler = new TestHandler();
+        JsonReader<Object, Object> reader = new JsonReader<>(new StringReader(json), handler);
+
+        JsonException exception = assertException(JsonException.class, (Runnable) () -> {
+            try {
+                reader.parse();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                // ignore
+            }
+        });
+        assertThat(exception.getMessage(), startsWith(message));
+    }
+
+    private static class TestHandler implements JsonHandler<Object, Object> {
+
+        StringBuilder log = new StringBuilder();
+        int sequence = 0;
+
+        @Override
+        public void startNull() {
+            record("startNull");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void endNull() {
+            record("endNull");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startBoolean() {
+            record("startBoolean");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void endBoolean(boolean value) {
+            record("endBoolean", value);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startString() {
+            record("startString");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void endString(String string) {
+            record("endString", string);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startNumber() {
+            record("startNumber");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void endNumber(String string) {
+            record("endNumber", string);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object startArray() {
+            record("startArray");
+            return "a" + ++sequence;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void endArray(Object array) {
+            record("endArray", array);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startArrayValue(Object array) {
+            record("startArrayValue", array);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void endArrayValue(Object array) {
+            record("endArrayValue", array);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object startObject() {
+            record("startObject");
+            return "o" + ++sequence;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void endObject(Object object) {
+            record("endObject", object);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startObjectName(Object object) {
+            record("startObjectName", object);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void endObjectName(Object object, String name) {
+            record("endObjectName", object, name);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startObjectValue(Object object, String name) {
+            record("startObjectValue", object, name);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void endObjectValue(Object object, String name) {
+            record("endObjectValue", object, name);
+        }
+
+        private void record(String event, Object... args) {
+            log.append(event);
+            for (Object arg : args) {
+                log.append(' ').append(arg);
+            }
+            log.append(' ').append('\n');
+        }
+
+        String getLog() {
+            return log.toString();
+        }
+
+    }
+}

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonStringTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class JsonStringTest extends TestUtil {
+
+    private StringWriter stringWriter;
+    private JsonWriter jsonWriter;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+        jsonWriter = new JsonWriter(stringWriter);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void constructor_failsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, new Runnable() {
+            public void run() {
+                new JsonString(null);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void write() throws IOException {
+        new JsonString("foo").write(jsonWriter);
+
+        assertEquals("\"foo\"", stringWriter.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void write_escapesStrings() throws IOException {
+        new JsonString("foo\\bar").write(jsonWriter);
+
+        assertEquals("\"foo\\\\bar\"", stringWriter.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void isString() {
+        assertTrue(new JsonString("foo").isString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void asString() {
+        assertEquals("foo", new JsonString("foo").asString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equals_trueForSameInstance() {
+        JsonString string = new JsonString("foo");
+
+        assertEquals(string, string);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equals_trueForEqualStrings() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonString("foo"), new JsonString("foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equals_falseForDifferentStrings() {
+        assertNotEquals(new JsonString(""), new JsonString("foo"));
+        assertNotEquals(new JsonString("foo"), new JsonString("bar"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equals_falseForNull() {
+        assertNotEquals(null, new JsonString("foo"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equals_falseForSubclass() {
+        assertNotEquals(new JsonString("foo"), new JsonString("foo") {
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashCode_equalsForEqualStrings() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonString("foo").hashCode(), new JsonString("foo").hashCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void hashCode_differsForDifferentStrings() {
+        assertNotEquals(new JsonString("").hashCode(), new JsonString("foo").hashCode());
+        assertNotEquals(new JsonString("foo").hashCode(), new JsonString("bar").hashCode());
+    }
+}

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class JsonTest extends TestUtil {
+
+    @Test
+    public void literalConstants() {
+        assertTrue(JsonLiteral.NULL.isNull());
+        assertTrue(JsonLiteral.TRUE.isTrue());
+        assertTrue(JsonLiteral.FALSE.isFalse());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valueInt() {
+        assertEquals("0", Json.of(0).toString());
+        assertEquals("23", Json.of(23).toString());
+        assertEquals("-1", Json.of(-1).toString());
+        assertEquals("2147483647", Json.of(Integer.MAX_VALUE).toString());
+        assertEquals("-2147483648", Json.of(Integer.MIN_VALUE).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valueLong() {
+        assertEquals("0", Json.of(0L).toString());
+        assertEquals("9223372036854775807", Json.of(Long.MAX_VALUE).toString());
+        assertEquals("-9223372036854775808", Json.of(Long.MIN_VALUE).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valueFloat() {
+        assertEquals("23.5", Json.of(23.5f).toString());
+        assertEquals("-3.1416", Json.of(-3.1416f).toString());
+        assertEquals("1.23E-6", Json.of(0.00000123f).toString());
+        assertEquals("-1.23E7", Json.of(-12300000f).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valueFloatCutsOffPointZero() {
+        assertEquals("0", Json.of(0f).toString());
+        assertEquals("-1", Json.of(-1f).toString());
+        assertEquals("10", Json.of(10f).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valueFloatFailsWithInfinity() {
+        String message = "Infinite and NaN values not permitted in JSON";
+        assertException(IllegalArgumentException.class, message,
+                (Runnable) () -> Json.of(Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valuefloatfailsWithNaN() {
+        String message = "Infinite and NaN values not permitted in JSON";
+        assertException(IllegalArgumentException.class, message, (Runnable) () -> Json.of(Float.NaN));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valueDouble() {
+        assertEquals("23.5", Json.of(23.5d).toString());
+        assertEquals("3.1416", Json.of(3.1416d).toString());
+        assertEquals("1.23E-6", Json.of(0.00000123d).toString());
+        assertEquals("1.7976931348623157E308", Json.of(1.7976931348623157E308d).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valueDoublecutsOffPointZero() {
+        assertEquals("0", Json.of(0d).toString());
+        assertEquals("-1", Json.of(-1d).toString());
+        assertEquals("10", Json.of(10d).toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valuedoublefailsWithInfinity() {
+        String message = "Infinite and NaN values not permitted in JSON";
+        assertException(IllegalArgumentException.class, message, (Runnable) () -> Json.of(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valuedoublefailsWithNaN() {
+        String message = "Infinite and NaN values not permitted in JSON";
+        assertException(IllegalArgumentException.class, message, (Runnable) () -> Json.of(Double.NaN));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valueboolean() {
+        assertSame(JsonLiteral.TRUE, Json.of(true));
+        assertSame(JsonLiteral.FALSE, Json.of(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valuestring() {
+        assertEquals("", Json.of("").asString());
+        assertEquals("Hello", Json.of("Hello").asString());
+        assertEquals("\"Hello\"", Json.of("\"Hello\"").asString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void valuestringtoleratesNull() {
+        assertSame(JsonLiteral.NULL, Json.of(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void array() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray(), Json.array());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arrayint() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add(23), Json.array(23));
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add(23).add(42), Json.array(23, 42));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arrayintfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> Json.array((int[]) null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraylong() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add(23L), Json.array(23L));
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add(23L).add(42L), Json.array(23L, 42L));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraylongfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> Json.array((long[]) null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arrayfloat() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add(3.14f), Json.array(3.14f));
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add(3.14f).add(1.41f), Json.array(3.14f, 1.41f));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arrayfloatfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> Json.array((float[]) null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraydouble() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add(3.14d), Json.array(3.14d));
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add(3.14d).add(1.41d), Json.array(3.14d, 1.41d));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraydoublefailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> Json.array((double[]) null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arrayboolean() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add(true), Json.array(true));
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add(true).add(false), Json.array(true, false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraybooleanfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> Json.array((boolean[]) null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraystring() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add("foo"), Json.array("foo"));
+        assertEquals(new JsonArray().add("foo").add("bar"), Json.array("foo", "bar"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arraystringfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> Json.array((String[]) null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void object() {
+        assertEquals(new JsonObject(), Json.object());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsestring() throws IOException {
+        assertEquals(Json.of(23), Json.parse("23"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsestringfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (Runnable) () -> {
+            try {
+                Json.parse((String) null);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                //
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsereader() throws IOException {
+        Reader reader = new StringReader("23");
+
+        assertEquals(Json.of(23), Json.parse(reader));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parsereaderfailsWithNull() {
+        assertException(NullPointerException.class, null, (RunnableEx) () -> Json.parse((Reader) null));
+    }
+
+}

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/JsonWriterTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class JsonWriterTest {
+
+    private StringWriter output;
+    private JsonWriter writer;
+
+    private static String string(char... chars) {
+        return String.valueOf(chars);
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        output = new StringWriter();
+        writer = new JsonWriter(output);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeLiteral() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeLiteral("foo");
+        assertEquals("foo", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeNumber() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeNumber("23");
+        assertEquals("23", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeStringempty() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString("");
+        assertEquals("\"\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeStingescapesBackslashes() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString("foo\\bar");
+        assertEquals("\"foo\\\\bar\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeArrayParts() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeArrayOpen();
+        writer.writeArraySeparator();
+        writer.writeArrayClose();
+        assertEquals("[,]", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeObjectParts() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeObjectOpen();
+        writer.writeMemberSeparator();
+        writer.writeObjectSeparator();
+        writer.writeObjectClose();
+        assertEquals("{:,}", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeMemberNameempty() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeMemberName("");
+        assertEquals("\"\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeMemberNameescapesBackslashes() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeMemberName("foo\\bar");
+        assertEquals("\"foo\\\\bar\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesQuotes() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString("a\"b");
+        assertEquals("\"a\\\"b\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesEscapedQuotes() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString("foo\\\"bar");
+        assertEquals("\"foo\\\\\\\"bar\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesNewLine() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString("foo\nbar");
+        assertEquals("\"foo\\nbar\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesWindowsNewLine() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString("foo\r\nbar");
+        assertEquals("\"foo\\r\\nbar\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesTabs() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString("foo\tbar");
+        assertEquals("\"foo\\tbar\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesSpecialCharacters() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString("foo\u2028bar\u2029");
+        assertEquals("\"foo\\u2028bar\\u2029\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesZeroCharacter() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString(string('f', 'o', 'o', (char) 0, 'b', 'a', 'r'));
+        assertEquals("\"foo\\u0000bar\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesEscapeCharacter() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString(string('f', 'o', 'o', (char) 27, 'b', 'a', 'r'));
+        assertEquals("\"foo\\u001bbar\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesControlCharacters() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString(string((char) 1, (char) 8, (char) 15, (char) 16, (char) 31));
+        assertEquals("\"\\u0001\\u0008\\u000f\\u0010\\u001f\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesFirstChar() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString(string('\\', 'x'));
+        assertEquals("\"\\\\x\"", output.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void escapesLastChar() throws IOException {
+        writer.writeString(string('x', '\\'));
+        assertEquals("\"x\\\\\"", output.toString());
+    }
+}

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/MarcJsonWriterTest.java

@@ -35,37 +35,13 @@ import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.nio.charset.Charset;
 import java.text.Normalizer;
-import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
-import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 /**
  *
  */
 public class MarcJsonWriterTest {
 
-    private static final Pattern quotePattern = Pattern.compile("\"", Pattern.LITERAL);
-
-    private static final String escapeQuote = "\\\"";
-
-    private static final Pattern backslashPattern = Pattern.compile("\\\\");
-
-    private static final String escapeBackslash = "\\\\";
-
-    private static String escape(String value) {
-        String s = backslashPattern.matcher(value).replaceAll(Matcher.quoteReplacement(escapeBackslash));
-        return quotePattern.matcher(s).replaceAll(Matcher.quoteReplacement(escapeQuote));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testEscapeJSON() {
-        String s = "\"Hello world\"";
-        String t = escape(s);
-        assertEquals("\\\"Hello world\\\"", t);
-        s = "\\P123";
-        t = escape(s);
-        assertEquals("\\\\P123", t);
-    }
-
     /**
      * {@code }MarcJsonWriter} can receive MARC fields.
      *
@@ -169,7 +145,7 @@ public class MarcJsonWriterTest {
         File file = File.createTempFile(s + ".", ".json");
         file.deleteOnExit();
         FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
-        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter(out, MarcJsonWriter.Style.LINES)
+        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter(out, EnumSet.of(MarcJsonWriter.Style.LINES))
                 .setFormat(MarcXchangeConstants.MARCXCHANGE_FORMAT)
                 .setType(MarcXchangeConstants.BIBLIOGRAPHIC_TYPE)
         ) {
@@ -227,7 +203,8 @@ public class MarcJsonWriterTest {
         InputStream in = getClass().getResource("/org/xbib/marc//" + s).openStream();
         MarcValueTransformers marcValueTransformers = new MarcValueTransformers();
         marcValueTransformers.setMarcValueTransformer(value -> Normalizer.normalize(value, Normalizer.Form.NFC));
-        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter("build/bulk%d.jsonl", 3, MarcJsonWriter.Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK)
+        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter("build/bulk%d.jsonl",
+                3, EnumSet.of(MarcJsonWriter.Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK))
                 .setIndex("testindex", "testtype")) {
             writer.setMarcValueTransformers(marcValueTransformers);
             Marc.builder()
@@ -264,8 +241,8 @@ public class MarcJsonWriterTest {
         MarcValueTransformers marcValueTransformers = new MarcValueTransformers();
         marcValueTransformers.setMarcValueTransformer(value -> Normalizer.normalize(value, Normalizer.Form.NFC));
         // split at 3, Elasticsearch bulk format, buffer size 65536, compress = true
-        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter("build/bulk%d.jsonl.gz", 3,
+        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter("build/bulk%d.jsonl.gz",
-                MarcJsonWriter.Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK, 65536, true)
+                3, EnumSet.of(MarcJsonWriter.Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK), 65536, true)
                 .setIndex("testindex", "testtype")) {
             writer.setMarcValueTransformers(marcValueTransformers);
             Marc.builder()
@@ -300,7 +277,7 @@ public class MarcJsonWriterTest {
         String s = "bundeskunsthalle.xml";
         InputStream in = getClass().getResource("/org/xbib/marc/xml/" + s).openStream();
         try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter("build/bk-bulk%d.jsonl", 1,
-                MarcJsonWriter.Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK)
+                EnumSet.of(MarcJsonWriter.Style.ELASTICSEARCH_BULK))
                 .setIndex("testindex", "testtype")) {
             Marc.builder()
                     .setFormat(MarcXchangeConstants.MARCXCHANGE_FORMAT)
@@ -318,7 +295,7 @@ public class MarcJsonWriterTest {
         File file = File.createTempFile("multi.", ".json");
         file.deleteOnExit();
         FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
-        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter(out, MarcJsonWriter.Style.ARRAY)) {
+        try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter(out, EnumSet.of(MarcJsonWriter.Style.ARRAY))) {
             writer.beginCollection();
             try (InputStream inputStream = getClass().getResource("/org/xbib/marc/summerland.mrc").openStream()) {
                 Marc.builder()
@@ -376,4 +353,35 @@ public class MarcJsonWriterTest {
                     new FileInputStream(file));
         }
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Test JSON format that allows duplicate keys. This allows to format MARC in order,
+     * as defined by cataloging rules.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception if test fails
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMarcRecordJsonWithDuplicateKeys() throws Exception {
+        for (String s : new String[]{
+                "test_ubl.mrc"
+        }) {
+            InputStream in = getClass().getResource("/org/xbib/marc/" + s).openStream();
+            File file = File.createTempFile(s + ".", ".json");
+            file.deleteOnExit();
+            FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
+            try (MarcJsonWriter writer = new MarcJsonWriter(out, EnumSet.of(MarcJsonWriter.Style.ALLOW_DUPLICATES))
+            ) {
+                Marc.builder()
+                        .setFormat(MarcXchangeConstants.MARCXCHANGE_FORMAT)
+                        .setType(MarcXchangeConstants.BIBLIOGRAPHIC_TYPE)
+                        .setInputStream(in)
+                        .setCharset(Charset.forName("ANSEL"))
+                        .setMarcListener(writer)
+                        .build()
+                        .writeCollection();
+            }
+            assertStream(s, getClass().getResource("/org/xbib/marc/json/" + s + ".dupkey.json").openStream(),
+                    new FileInputStream(file));
+        }
+    }
 }

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/PrettyPrintTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.xbib.marc.json.JsonWriterConfig.prettyPrint;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class PrettyPrintTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndentWithSpaces_emptyArray() throws IOException {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonWriter output = JsonWriterConfig.prettyPrint(2).createWriter(sw);
+        new JsonArray().write(output);
+        assertEquals("[\n  \n]", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndentWithSpaces_emptyObject() throws IOException {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonWriter output = JsonWriterConfig.prettyPrint(2).createWriter(sw);
+        new JsonObject().write(output);
+        assertEquals("{\n  \n}", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndentWithSpaces_array() throws IOException {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonWriter output = JsonWriterConfig.prettyPrint(2).createWriter(sw);
+        new JsonArray().add(23).add(42).write(output);
+        assertEquals("[\n  23,\n  42\n]", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndentWithSpaces_nestedArray() throws IOException {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonWriter output = JsonWriterConfig.prettyPrint(2).createWriter(sw);
+        new JsonArray().add(23).add(new JsonArray().add(42)).write(output);
+        assertEquals("[\n  23,\n  [\n    42\n  ]\n]", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndentWithSpaces_object() throws IOException {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonWriter output = JsonWriterConfig.prettyPrint(2).createWriter(sw);
+        new JsonObject().add("a", 23).add("b", 42).write(output);
+        assertEquals("{\n  \"a\": 23,\n  \"b\": 42\n}", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndentWithSpaces_nestedObject() throws IOException {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonWriter output = JsonWriterConfig.prettyPrint(2).createWriter(sw);
+        new JsonObject().add("a", 23).add("b", new JsonObject().add("c", 42)).write(output);
+        assertEquals("{\n  \"a\": 23,\n  \"b\": {\n    \"c\": 42\n  }\n}", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndentWithSpaces_zero() throws IOException {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonWriter output = JsonWriterConfig.prettyPrint(0).createWriter(sw);
+        new JsonArray().add(23).add(42).write(output);
+        assertEquals("[\n23,\n42\n]", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndentWithSpaces_one() throws IOException {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonWriter output = JsonWriterConfig.prettyPrint(1).createWriter(sw);
+        new JsonArray().add(23).add(42).write(output);
+        assertEquals("[\n 23,\n 42\n]", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndentWithSpaces_failsWithNegativeValues() {
+        try {
+            prettyPrint(-1);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            assertTrue(ex.getMessage().toLowerCase(Locale.US).contains("negative"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIndentWithSpaces_createsIndependentInstances() {
+        Writer writer = mock(Writer.class);
+        JsonWriterConfig config = prettyPrint(1);
+        Object instance1 = config.createWriter(writer);
+        Object instance2 = config.createWriter(writer);
+        assertNotSame(instance1, instance2);
+    }
+}

src/test/java/org/xbib/marc/json/TestUtil.java

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/*
+   Copyright 2016 Jörg Prante
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+ */
+package org.xbib.marc.json;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+
+public class TestUtil {
+
+    public static <T extends Exception> T assertException(Class<T> type,
+                                                          String message,
+                                                          Runnable runnable) {
+        return assertException(type, message, adapt(runnable));
+    }
+
+    public static <T extends Exception> T assertException(Class<T> type,
+                                                          String message,
+                                                          RunnableEx runnable) {
+        T exception = assertException(type, runnable);
+        assertEquals("exception message", message, exception.getMessage());
+        return exception;
+    }
+
+    public static <T extends Exception> T assertException(Class<T> type, Runnable runnable) {
+        return assertException(type, adapt(runnable));
+    }
+
+    public static <T extends Exception> T assertException(Class<T> type, RunnableEx runnable) {
+        T exception = catchException(runnable, type);
+        assertNotNull("Expected exception: " + type.getName(), exception);
+        return exception;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static <T extends Exception> T catchException(RunnableEx runnable, Class<T> type) {
+        try {
+            runnable.run();
+            return null;
+        } catch (Exception exception) {
+            if (type.isAssignableFrom(exception.getClass())) {
+                return (T) exception;
+            }
+            String message = "Unexpected exception: " + exception.getMessage();
+            throw new RuntimeException(message, exception);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> T serializeAndDeserialize(T instance) throws Exception {
+        return (T) deserialize(serialize(instance));
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] serialize(Object object) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        new ObjectOutputStream(outputStream).writeObject(object);
+        return outputStream.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    public static Object deserialize(byte[] bytes) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
+        return new ObjectInputStream(inputStream).readObject();
+    }
+
+    private static RunnableEx adapt(final Runnable runnable) {
+        return new RunnableEx() {
+            public void run() {
+                runnable.run();
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    public interface RunnableEx {
+        void run() throws Exception;
+    }
+
+}

src/test/resources/org/xbib/marc/test_ubl.mrc

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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